مجله پژوهش های تاریخی ایران و اسلام
پیاپی 27 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Dehkhoda is one of Iran's most influential literary political elites in the constitutional era. He has dealt with the most important political issues of Iran's constitution in the course of many years, with a powerful pen and a penetrating view. Among the literate and the cultural, at least, there was at least one person who was as knowledgeable as the Dehkhoda who knew the status quo in both thought and action. Understanding his important political ideas, beyond his literary and cultural personality, plays an important role in the proper understanding of constitutionalism. He was a full-fledged "progressive" who had a national and Iranian view of the important feature of his valuable vocabulary. On the basis of this rise, he regarded constitutionalism as a positive, legal, libertarian political system, and in the negative sense defined it as an antithesis of "despotism". Dehkhoda must be regarded as a continuation of the early intellectuals of the Qajar era, who go beyond them and move towards a different understanding and understanding. This article seeks to explain Dehkhoda's understanding of constitutionalism, given her place in modern Iranian intellectual history.

Timurids valued urban life and attempted to bring about prosperity to urban economy. The main active components within the realm of urban economy were marketers. Therefore, the role and effect of Timurids sovereignty in survival of the market (bazaar) and marketers (bazarian) turns into an important issue. This article tries to evaluate the status of market and marketeers in Timurids area and express the standpoint of Timurids rulers regarding this imortant urban component and through relying upon the extant data within resources and using the descriptive analytical method, it tries to answer this query that how much the marketeers status has been influenced by behaviors and policies of Timurids. The intended hypothesis states that Timurids had realized the importance and also paramount economic and social functions of marketers. Hence, they came to this conclusion that supporting markets and marketers is advantageous to their sovereignty and improving the society conditions from economic and social view. The study results suggest that Timurids considered an appropriate status for marketers and paved the way for prosperity of their economic activities through their own supports. As a result of such policy, the urban economy achieved appropriate conditions

The cultural and social structure of the early Islamic society led to the emergence of various groups and sects at that time.One of these groups was the Kharijites, who themselves were categorized,and some of them went to extremes,some to extremes, and some to moderation.Ibadiyya is one of the groups that emerged from these developments. By the end of the fourth century, some regions of the Islamic world,‌including; It included Iran,‌Saudi Arabia,‌Andalusia,‌Africa,‌Yemen and Oman. But they all stagnated for cultural,‌political,‌and social reasons after a while,‌and only two geographical areas,‌North Africa and the Arab country of Oman,‌provided the environment for them to survive.‌The heights,‌deserts and remoteness of Oman from the main centers of the Caliphate, the flight and exile of the opposition to Oman, the unrest in Oman during the Umayyad era,‌the efforts of the Ibadi imams to spread the invitation outside Basra,‌the presence of prominent Ibadi figures in Oman,‌closeness The kinship between Oman and Basra, the conformity of the system of electing the Imam with the system of electing the chief of the tribe in Oman,... were among the factors and grounds for the formation and continuation of Ibadiyya in Oman. In this research,‌the main question has been answered by descriptive-analytical method and through a library study:What were the backgrounds and causes of the formation and continuation of the Ibadiyya religion in Oman?The hypothesis of the article is that social,geographical,political and intellectual factors and contexts have led to the formation and continuation of the Ibadi religion in Oman.

From the second half of the 13 solar hijri century, increase in the cultural and commercial relationships of iranian zoroastrians with Parsian society in India, has been resulted in a development of the cultural and educational activities of the zoroastrian society in Iran. Representstive of indian Persian, who beleived that the biggest problems of Iran are illiteracy and poor cultural situation, have been founded the schools and did several reforms in cultural and educatinal structure of iranian zoroastrians. After that the Reza shah got into power, in one side the tendency of the government for resuscitation of the antagonistic thought increased; And at the other side, modernisation and the integration of the cultural and educational system became one of the essential goals of the government. Above all, the main questions of this article are how these changes effect the state of Iranian Zoroastrians, and what is the role of them in developing process of cultural and educational activities? Based on descriptive and analytic consideration of historical documents and educational statistics, social state of Zoroastrians in the period of RezaShah was imporoved, and they play significant role in that period.

With the end of World War II, major changes took place in international relations and the groundwork was laid for the formation of a bipolar system. The United States and the Soviet Union, as leaders of the Eastern and Western blocs, faced each other in all-out rivalry. The Middle East was also one of the areas of competition between the two superpowers. During the Cold War, the superpowers sought to achieve their goals by recruiting members from the Middle East. The governments of the region, including Iran and Iraq, by joining one of the two superpowers, were practically in one of these two camps. The leaders of the two blocs, as they committed themselves to supporting their regional allies, expected to follow their own policies, so that the management of the situation was practically in the hands of the superpowers and the actions of the regional allies were pursued solely in the interests of those countries.The relations of the weak countries with each other were guided and controlled by the will of the big countries, and they were separated or close to each other, so that these countries, in the interests of the dominant powers, fought with each other and got involved in proxy wars. In the research, the effects of the Cold War on Iran-Iraq relations have been studied and analyzed based on the descriptive method along with the analysis and collection of information in a library manner.

Disagreement exists among historical biographers in attributing the authorship of Tazkira al-A’ima to either Allāma Muhammad Bāqir Bin Muhammad Taqii Majlesi or his contemporary scholar of the same name, Muhamad Bāqir Bin Muhammad Taqi Lāhiji. The remaining manuscripts of this book have also been attributed to both writers. The similarity of their first names as well as their fathers’ names on the one hand and their contemporaneity on the other, has paved the way for this ambiguity. The present study tries to find the original author of the book through following 3 steps: 1) by Analyzing the in-textual evidence. 2) By analyzing the extracted evidence from the remaining manuscripts of this treatise. 3) By reviewing the reports of the historical biographers. This study suggests that the remaining manuscripts of this treatise fall into two categories: Those which contain the original text of Tazkira al-A’ima and those that cover its abridged form. The original version of the treatise is the work of Allāma Majlesi. Even though there is no direct mention of Lāhiji within the remaining manuscripts, a number of biographical books have remarked on it.

The English after arriving in India at the beginning of the seventeenth century, gradually took control of the Indian subcontinent and colonized it.They undertook several civil works in this land for complete control and easier control of India, the most important of which was the construction of the railway. As the rivalry between the European colonial powers continued and intensified, and then the start of the First World War and numerous arrangements in the eastern regions of Iran and the territories leading to India, the British began their civil works in the regions. They extended east and southeast of Iran. One of the British measures in this regard was the construction of a railway from Kuwait to Noshki and then from Noshki to Mirjavah and Dozdab in the early twentieth century. The causes and factors that forced Britain to build this railway, and how to build this railway and its consequences, are the most important issues. No independent research has been done on this issue so far. The purpose of this article is to explain the purpose of the British construction of this railway and how it was built and its consequences. This writing has been done using library sources, oral history, historical documents, travelogues, and especially the confidential reports of the British Consulate in Sistan and Baluchestan, in a historical-descriptive-analytical manner

Iran and Egypt are two of the most important "think-tanks" in the Islamic world whose political and social and religious thinkers have sought to identify and combat the causes of backwardness and decline in Islamic societies. Cultural, historical, and religious backgrounds, along with factors such as the geopolitical position and special status of the two countries in the Muslim world, have brought about many similarities in the course of social and political developments of these two societies in contemporary times. The present study, using the theoretical framework of the analysis of the critical discourse of Norman Farklaf, Lakla and Moufeh, seeks to answer the question of what religious thought in Iran and Egypt is based on the ideas of Sheikh Hadi Najmabadi in Iran and Sheikh Mohammed Abdo in Egypt. Opportunities and achievements, as well as challenges and obstacles? The findings of the study of the thought of these religious scholars, with emphasis on information gathering based on library and documentary practices, indicate that the experience of religious scholarship in these countries in issues such as rationalism, superstition, ignorance and frustration with The West has a similar situation in the struggle against tyranny and colonialism and in trying to unite the Islamic Ummah, and they have different positions on issues such as secularism, ethnicity and nationalism.

Baghdad, the center of the Abbasid Caliphate in the sixth and seventh centuries AH, with the growth of scientific and cultural centers, the presence of scholars, Scientists and the conflict of views and opinions of religious differences with scientific motion marked a brilliant history in the cultural field. Meanwhile, Sufism, with the presence of Sufi sheikhs, its expansion and function in the monasteries found a regular framework. The purpose of this study is to survey which variables have been influenced by the identified Sufism in Baghdad's monasteries. The findings indicate the supportive role of the caliphate family, government agents and Shafi'i jurists and Sufi sheikhs in the construction of monasteries and the educational role of Shafi'i, Hanafi and Hanbali jurists and narrators in Sufi teachings and the active presence of women in teaching and managing monasteries. The distance of Sufism from the main orbit and its bias towards the general public and the religious scholars was also a result of the current situation. The influence of the Khorasan School and the emigration of sheikhs and Sufism enthusiasts from Iran and Khorasan to Baghdad indicate the interaction of these two Sufi schools on the orbit of Sharia. The present paper, compiled by descriptive-analytical method, will search the situation of Sufism in Baghdad with a focus on monasteries and sheikhs.

The phenomenon of protest turned the Nasser al-Din Shah rea into one of the most tense periods in the history of government-nation relations in Qajar Iran. Weakness of government, pervasive economic challenges, gradual transition of Iranian society from tradition to modernity, change in Iran's foreign relations, structural inefficiency and similar factors, on a relatively large scale, led to dissatisfaction and protests in most provinces of Iran. The newspapers helped to some extent to provoke and encourage public opinion on the current situation on a relatively large scale in Iran. Akhtar and Qanun are among the newspapers of the late reign of Nasser al-Din Shah that established an effective link with the issue of the protests of this period and played a significant role in the growing influence of these protests on the future developments in Iran. The present study seeks to answer the questions of what factors effected on the scope of influence of newspapers in the process of protests in the Nasser al-Din Shah era and were to what extent the role of Akhtar and Qanun newspapers in the recent protests of this period? In this research, with a descriptive-analytical way, the hypothesis will be examined that the newspapers of the Nasser al-Din Shah era did not have the ability to widely reflect the protests of this period, but in the few protests of the late of this era, they became disguised one of the most important tools in spreading the protests of this period.

The present study seeks to retrieve and analyze the historical events of the short three-year period from the history of Iran between the years: 1052 to 1055 AH / 1642 to 1645 AD. This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating and explaining the role of Sarotqi in the court competitions of the first years of the reign of Shah Abbas II. The research method in this research is historical-analytical and data collection has been done by library method. The main research tool is to cite the sources of that period, which are finally based on the findings of the sources of inference, explanation and analysis.The findings of this study indicate that at the beginning of the reign of Shah Abbas II, due to the young age of the Shah, intense court competitions were held for important positions and more mastery of affairs by influential people and claimants. As prime minister, meanwhile, Sarutaghi sought to maintain power as well as expand his dominance over all matters, including the judiciary, the military, and the economy. Sarutaghi was one of the most intelligent people of the Safavid period, who went through the stages of progress well during the reign of Shah Abbas I and Shah Safi and reached the highest court position during the reign of Shah Safi. During the reign of Shah Abbas II, Sarutaghi did not want to lose the previous power, and in the process, he sacrificed several important officials, including Rostam Khan,

Shi'ite governments Adil Shahis (895-1097) and Nizam Shahis (895-1046) coincided with the Safavid rule in Iran. Because of their close relationship, Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis used the Iranian immigrant Shiite scholars to spread Shiite knowledge in their controlled areas. With the efforts of these scholars and thinkers, the Shiite identity has been institutionalized among the inhabitants of these areas, where this identity is still a determining factor in the religious beliefs of the residents of the Deccan area. “What role did Iranian Shiite scholars play in spreading Shiite knowledge among the inhabitants of the territory of the Adil Shahis and Nizam Shahis governments?”, is the main question of the study. It is hypothesized that Iranian Shiite scholars have been used their scientific and religious abilities, including the training of Shiite rulers, the formation of classrooms, holding of debate sessions, writing Shiite books, and holding religious ceremonies to obtain this achievement. The result of this study indicates that the Shiite scholars have been able to make the most influence on the inhabitants of these areas, where had the least knowledge of Shi'ism, by concentrating on the mentioned approach; in a way that, each year, the number of people who eager to learn Shiite sciences and attend scientific and religious circles was increased. Due to the importance of this topic, it was done based on the descriptive-analytical and library-based method.