فصلنامه اندازه گیری تربیتی
پیاپی 40 (تابستان 1399)

This study aimed to investigate the criticism by Coffey, Holbrook, and Atkinson (1996) against the grounded theory, claiming that the widespread use of software in coding has led to excessive emphasis on traditional coding procedures, adoption of certain standards, and adoption of a linear coding procedure, which can hinder the process of analysis. For the purpose of analyzing this claim, eight cognitive task analysis interviews were conducted with managers of two regional companies affiliated with the National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company (NIORDC). Two different groups were set out to code the texts. The first group used the Strauss and Corbin’s (1994) grounded theory approach, using NVIVO. The second group based their work on the Crandall, Klein, and Hoffman’s (2006) cognitive task analysis approach, using an intertextual procedure. Finally, the codes of the two groups were compared together. The results revealed more coded sentences and more practical conceptual categories in the second group.

One of the crucial needs of students for entering the next stages of life is earning academic psychological capital at school, a capital facilitating their entrance to organizational community and university. Considering the importance of psychological capital in the area of education and lack of a valid and reliable instrument for measuring it during the high school period, the present study attempted to fill this gap and to provide evidence related to determining the reliability and validity of the academic psychological capital scale. This scale was designed and developed on the first and second secondary levels at Manoojan, Iran. A sample of 260 participants were chosen through convenience sampling and responded to the questionnaire items. For determining the reliability and construct validity of the scale, first and secondary confirmatory factor analysis was used. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that all four factors identified based on the theoretical underpinning of the study were confirmed. The criterion validity was assessed through correlation of the results with those obtained from the Lootanz's (2007) psychological capital scale, and the total reliability coefficient for the scale developed in the study was found to be .92. Consequently, it can be stated that the developed scale can be used in research studies in the realm of academic psychological capital.

The aim of the present study was to classify character strengths and virtues, and construct and validate its assessment questionnaire in the Iranian student population. The present research method was of the qualitative-quantitative mixed type. In the qualitative section, Grounded Theory (GT) was used. Thirty-five students in the form of six focus groups (including 24 female students and 11 male students) from among the undergraduate and graduate students of University of [1]Tehran were selected, using judgmental sampling and were interviewed using semi-structured interviews. Responses were analyzed by content analysis and the use of two methods of framework and matrix analyses through the MAXQDA10 software. The findings indicated the existence of four factors or virtues in Iranian society: wisdom (including analytical thinking, self-regulation, moderation and prudence, and love of learning), courage (including bravery and honesty), humanity (including justice and fairness, kindness, and forgiveness) and transcendence (including appreciation of beauty and excellence, hope, and spirituality). The second study was conducted using a non-experimental (descriptive) method and a survey plan on 456 students. Analysis of the main components by varimax rotation showed a four-factor structure. These findings suggest that the Iranian Character Strengths Questionnaire can provide reliable data.

The Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) is a globally recognized measure of stress coping methods. However, research into the applicability of the CISS-SF in an Iranian context is still in its infancy. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate psychometric properties of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations-Short Form (CISS-SF, Endler & Parker, 1994) among Iranian university students. Three-hundred university students (150 male and 150 female) completed the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations-Short Form (CISS-SF), the Self-Esteem Scale (SES, Rosenberg, 1965) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS, Watson, Clark & Tellegen, 1988). The confirmatory factor analysis method and internal consistency were used to compute the CISS-SF's factorial validity and reliability, respectively. Also, in order to examine the construct validity of the CISS-SF, we computed correlations between different dimensions of CISS-SF with self-esteem and positive and negative affect. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis, based AMOS software, showed that three-factor structure of the task-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping and avoidance-oriented coping in the Iranian sample had good fit with data. Correlational analyses between task-oriented coping and emotion-oriented coping as well as avoidance-oriented coping with self-esteem and positive and negative affect provided initial evidence for the ACS convergent validity. Internal consistency coefficients for the task-oriented coping, emotion-oriented coping and avoidance-oriented coping subscales were .78, .79 and .79, respectively. In sum, these findings provide evidence for the validity and reliability of the CISS-SF as an instrument to measure coping styles among Iranian university students.

Nowadays, flexibility is the subject of special attention in the field of mental health and the scope of related research is increasing every day. The purpose of the present study was to construct and investigate the psychometric properties and factor structure of the adolescents' psychological flexibility scale. Four-hundred-sixty students were selected from six schools from the eighth and ninth grades (with emphasis on the ninth grade) by the multistage sampling method from six schools in Isfahan city. The instruments were Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ). In factor analysis, the three factors of commitment, lack of perfectionism, and openness to experience were effective in forming themental flexibility variable. The obtained results showed that the present scale is a tool that has appropriate reliability (stability, internal consistency) and validity for measuring psychological flexibility. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in this study confirmed the appropriate construct validity of this scale.

Strategic thinking of the sustainable earnings policy makers and their personality types play important roles in identifying problems, conceptualizing the reality, visualizing anticipated strategies, and contingently managing revenue sources during the policy formulation process. In this research, using Morgan's conceptual model, the researcher also presents a standard questionnaire for 57 nominal experts, formulating a sustainable income policy for middle municipalities, including MPs, government members, Guardian Council members, judges of the Bureau of Administrative Justice, and members. Islamic Council, Mid-City Mayors, Nominee Experts' opinions. It examines strategic thinking of Middle Municipalities' Sustainable Revenue Policy with the Good Governance Approach in four main subjects: Systemic thinking, conceptual thinking, futurism, intelligent opportunity, and 29 subcategories. The research method is descriptive-survey, and the results are analyzed by Friedman and paired t-test. The results show that despite the strategic thinking of the sustainable municipal revenue policy makers and the contingent management of the short-term medium-term program planners (annual and five-year budget laws), there is a significant gap between the current sustainable municipal income status and the optimal situation. There is a steady revenue stream of mid-level municipalities with good governance approaches that ignore futurism, conceptual thinking in understanding problems, systemic thinking in conceptualizing reality, and lack of clever opportunism, creativity, innovation, and embodied policies. Pre-execution and consequently lack of providing services to citizens as stakeholders is desirable.

One of the most important challenges for today's organizations is to abandon voluntary employee service. Voluntary retirement creates a lot of direct and indirect costs for organizations. Therefore, organizations are always looking for approaches to retain their employees. Job tension is one of the new approaches in preventing employee voluntary retirement. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting job stress. In line with this goal, this research has been done using a qualitative meta-synthesis approach. Data collection tools and information in the present study are past documents in this field, which generally include 25 articles. The method of data analysis is based on open coding. The results indicate that the factors affecting job integration can be based on four general categories: individual factors (demographic variables, service history, separation anxiety, professional ability, and individual perspective), job factors (job expectations and job nature), organizational factors (workplace quality, growth and promotion opportunities, intra-organizational links, satisfaction with conditions, payment system, compensation of services, and reputation of the organization), factors derived from society (family and friends conditions, multiple activities, facilities and welfare facilities, market conditions and analyzed cultural, political, religious atmospheres. At the end, based on the research findings, the necessary suggestions are presented.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the evaluation indicators of faculty members in the education dimension. The statistical population included all students of the Management and Accounting faculty of Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran during the academic year of 2016-2017. Two-hundred-forty-two participants were selected based on stratified random sampling method, and the researcher-made tool was implemented to collect the required data. The instrument items, written in the Likert scale of five degrees (high, relatively high, moderate, relatively low and very low), measured the importance of indicators in the assessment of faculty members. Data were analyzed using the exploratory factor analysis, Kruskal–Wallis, and Friedman test. The results of Friedman test showed that there was a significant difference between the mean scores of the indicators. Accordingly, the results of this study can respond to some of the challenges faced by teachers in their evaluation using students' opinions. These opinions can be used properly to make educational planners familiar with the strengths and weaknesses of the evaluation process and provide the opportunities for correction.

The purpose of this study was to validate the online narcissism personality inventory (ONPI) in the Iranian sample. This research is an applied and methodologically was descriptive survey research. The statistical population included all individuals aged 18-50 years old active in cyberspace residing in Tehran. 400 individuals (200 females and 200 males) were selected using available sampling method. First, the online narcissism personality inventory (ONPI) was translated into Persian and its content validity was confirmed by psychology and counseling professors. After collecting the required samples, reliability of this tool was determined by SPSS-23 software using Cronbach's alpha for the components of Authority (α = 0.758), Self-Sufficiency (α = 0.767), Superiority (α = 0.712), Exhibitionism (α = 0.764), Exploitativeness (α = 0.754), Vanity (α = 0.705), Entitlement (α = 0.714) and for the whole inventory (α = 0.838). The construct validity of this tool using exploratory factor analysis also showed that the data obtained with the 7-factor model were goodness of fit. Then, the validity and reliability of the inventori's standard scores for each range of scores were assessed by Jmetrik-4.1.1 software. Behaviors that people display in the Cyberspaceare different from the real world, this tool can be used as a convenient tool for measuring narcissism.