فصلنامه برنامه ریزی منطقه ای
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1399)

GI refers to the difference and discrimination between men and women in the economic, political, social, and health etc. objectives of which the individual or group assumes their power and dignity. Studies show that without regard for women's conditions, development cannot be achieved for any country, since women always account for half the population of each country; Therefore, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to pursue two main goals: a) ranking the Middle Eastern countries (16 countries) based on the GII; b) leveling the Middle Eastern countries based on the GII. The research population includes 16 Middle Eastern countries. The data required for research are collected through the Human Development Report and Gender Inequality United Nations in 2018. Research variables included 6 variables: Maternal mortality ratio (for every 100,000 live births), adolescent birth rate (births per 1,000 women), Female seats in parliament (%), Labour force participation rate (%), Population with at least some secondary education (%) and Life expectancy at birth (Female). AHP method is used to assess the variables of the research, and copra's technique is used for ranking and evaluating the desirability status of the Gender Inequality Index in the Middle East, The results of the research indicate that from 16 Middle Eastern countries, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar and Saudi Arabia ranked first to fourth in a perfectly favorable position in terms of gender inequality index, Indeed, there is little discrimination between men and women in comparison to other Middle Eastern countries; Yemen and Sudan are in the most unfavorable position in the last rankings, this shows the huge difference and discrimination between men and women in all cases in both countries. Also the country of Iran with the score of the copra's 55/542% is ranked ninth and the average utility status is in terms of the GII.

Today, one of the main pillars of development is security and as the situation in many insecure countries, such as Afghanistan and Iraq, shows development is not possible without security. both have a direct relationship and with the reduction of the level of security, the level of development is also reduced. Evidence suggests that different levels of security in countries' internal geographica spaces will lead to different levels of development. Iran is among the countries that both in terms of development and security have a great diversity and its major units under the province are significant differences with each other. Therefore, the level of development of each province can have a special relationship with its level of security. Accordingly, the present study aims to examine the relationship between development and security in the provinces of the country by assess the status of both. To conduct this research, the data were collected by documentary method and analyzed using a total of 32 indicators to measure development and 15 indicators to assess the security situation of the provinces in the form of the Vikor model. The results show that the correlation between variables is positive and direct and the development map of the country's provinces is very consistent with the crime rate map and this correlation between the studied variables is between the level of security, respectively. And the level of economic-industrial development and public and infrastructure services with values of 0.655 and 0.588, which shows the importance of these two sectors in improving the health and safety of society.

In the discussion of regional economy and considering the Scarcity of resources and facilities available, understanding the economic characteristics and advantages of each province enables better planning for the achievement of development goals. Realizing national development requires recognizing the economic benefits of different regions of the country. The purpose of this article is to identify the relative advantage of the economic subdivisions of the provinces during the years 2005-2015. The instrument is a measurement of the basic economy model and the location quotient (LQ) calculated using data from the regional accounts of the Central Bank of Iran and the Statistics Center of Iran for 30 provinces. The location quotient indicate the relative importance of an activity in the region relative to the relative importance of the same activity in the national economy and has been used by researchers in economic geography and regional economics. Surveys in this article show that agriculture, hunting and forestry, building, education, health and social assistance, hotels and restaurants have a recognized advantage in most provinces. Whereas the economic activities of industry, water and electricity, gas, transportation and public administration in most of the provinces have lost their advantage, often fishing, mining and financial intermediaries in the provinces have no advantage. Surveys also show that in terms of value-added share of total productions of the country, the services sector is at the first place with 51.7 percent, industry sector is at the second place with 38.7 percent and agriculture sector is at the third place with 9.6 percent. The results of the location quotient method show that according to the fifteen subdivisions, the priority activities in each province. Therefore, it is necessary for national and regional planners to make decisions regarding investment, resource allocation and budget adjustment in order to lead to economic growth in the country.
Keywords: regional economic, relative advantage, location quotient, economic sectors.

Nowadays, the cities and the creative regions lead to economic growth and development of the country. That is why the concept of creativity has gained a special place in urban and regional studies. Therefore, it is important to recognize and reinforce the region's creativity criteria and indicators. different theories and studies express the effect of creativity on the economic growth of cities and regions. Different theories and studies illustrate the impact of creativity on the economic growth of cities and regions. Studies show that improving the creativity index and increasing the creativity of the city and the region will have a positive and significant impact on the economic growth of the city and the region. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to investigate the spatial analysis of the impact of economic creativity on the gross domestic product of the provinces of iran. To achieve this goal, we used the spatial econometric technique and the geographically weighted regression method. In this study, we used cross - sectional data in 2014 for 31 provinces of Iran. Initially, the TOPSIS method is used to calculate the creativity index in each province. Then, using the results, the Iranian provinces are ranked based on creativity. According to the results, North Khorasan, Zanjan, Semnan, Qazvin and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari provinces had the least creativity respectively and Khuzestan, Razavi Khorasan, Tehran, South Khorasan and Mazandaran provinces, had the most creativity respectively. The results of the model estimation using geographically weighted regression method show that the more the creativity in the provinces increases, the country’s GDP increases as well. Therefore, one of the factors contributing to the economic growth and development of the region and country is the improvement of regional creativity indicators and criteria, and consequently the increase of provincial creativity.

Nowadays, non-oil exports play an important role in import currency in the country. Experimental studies on exports show that the enterprises export rate is affected by various factors such as exchange rate, productivity and investment in research. The presents study aims to investigate the impact of investment in R & D on export performance of enterprises in provinces of Iran during 2000-2015, using systemic Generalized Method of Moment (GMM). Due to political geographical changes of the provinces in aforesaid years, country divisions are included 28 provinces and Alborz, North and south Khorasan provinces are not considered in the study as separate provinces. The required data are collected using the library and documentary method of annual census reports of industrial workshops in more ten employees and more of it and regional accounts in statistical center of Iran. The result of model estimation indicate that investment in R & D has a positive and significant impact on improving the export performance of enterprises so that increasing 1% investment in R & D leading to 0.063% increase in the export performance of enterprises. In addition to examine the impact of investment in R & D, the explanatory variables such as advertising costs, work force productivity, human capital, market share of industry sector of the total market of each province and total industry expenditure have been investigated. Results indicate that they have a positive impact on export performance of enterprises. Findings also showed that the work force productivity and market share of industry sector variables had the most impact on export performance among explanatory variables

Middle Eastern countries face many internal problems such as terrorism, poverty and social inequality. A number of countries in the region have historically been at war with each other. The presence of supra-regional powers has also worsened the situation. In such an insecure environment, countries' military spending naturally increases. The situation is not normal in the Middle East, from Palestine to Syria, Egypt, Libya, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Iraq is involved in ISIS. Syria is embroiled in a civil war. Libya has stabilized despite removing Gaddafi.

Countries in the Middle East region include: Iran, Jordan, Occupied Palestine, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Turkey, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Egypt, Yemen. The name of the Middle East region is one of those letters that has nothing to do with the history, culture and identity of the people and nations living in this part of the globe.This research is based on an applied purpose and a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of the study was experts in the field of political geography that 220 people were selected as a statistical population by purposive sampling method and 140 people were selected as a sample using Morgan table. A questionnaire consisting of 24 questions was used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha method was used to assess the reliability and confirmatory factor analysis test using LISREL software was used for statistical analysis due to the normality of the data and TO software was used for their ranking by IS software. Took. The results of the article show that the reason for the divergence of the countries in the region in the face of regional crises is that the components that form these crises are rooted in the heterogeneous existence, identity and culture and economy of the countries in the region and thus divert convergence.

The structure of the Middle East is endogenous, conflicting and anarchic; As a result, crises are rapidly gaining military dimension and are spiraling out of government control; In a way, the governments of the region are not able to manage and control the crisis due to lack of consensus. The source of this unstable and unbalanced situation are various factors that increase and intensify the effect of each other in influencing and mutually influencing each other. These crises, which disrupt one or more sub-systems of the system, continue to put the entire social system at risk of inefficiency and collapse. The diffuse nature of the crises in the Middle East has led to the emergence of one crisis after another. Accordingly, as long as the roots of the crisis, or in other words, the super-crises, exist in the valley of the region, it will not be possible to achieve a crisis-free Middle East. Middle Eastern countries have characteristics that act as security interests in convergence, regionalism, and efforts to build a collective security system. Ethnic and tribal conflicts and divisions, religious differences and dissatisfaction with the imposed borders are among the factors that cause the emergence of regional crises. The imbalance of power, the intervention of great powers, and the existence of insurmountable conflicts in the interests of actors that arise from identity challenges, bring regional rivalries into confrontational arenas. The Middle East crises, in addition to their common roots, also have common features. In most of these crises, multiple actors intervene nationally, regionally and internationally, and this multiplicity of actors complicates the crisis and makes it more difficult to resolve. The acting of non-state actors, who are usually affiliated with one of the regional or international power poles and may have risen from the transnational to the transnational level in certain circumstances, is another feature of recent crises in the Middle East. Crises in the Middle East occur first in the social or economic spheres and then, turning into a political crisis, go through a transformation crisis into a security crisis, and ultimately end in war in most cases. The axis of resistance, which is considered to be the ally of the regions of Iran, has taken place and has targeted the power of the regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the axis of resistance. Also, all these crises were manifestations of civil war. This is more the case in Syria and less so in Iraq and Yemen; But in any case, the war between the parties involved in the crisis has spread to cities, streets and alleys.

The Middle East, as the center of the world's energy throughout the twentieth century, and doubly at the beginning of the new century, has been the site of numerous upheavals and crises, the effects of which have often transcended regional levels. The Middle East region, especially since the end of World War II, because of its importance in the world economy, became more and more interested in the great powers and forced them to participate in and influence the developments in the region through various tools. To use. In the twentieth century, the region was a major source of energy for the world, and on the other hand, it has been the center of some crises and tensions, mainly due to the presence of Israel and the greed of some major powers, especially the United States. For this reason, developments in the Middle East are tied to global security as well as the international political economy. That is why the Middle East has long been the focus of the great powers, which has led them to offer different definitions of the Middle East in accordance with their broad interests and needs.In addition to its strategic location, the Middle East region has the largest energy reserves, which shows the interdependence between the largest producers, industrialized and developed countries, and the governments of the region; Unfortunately, due to lack of self-awareness and lack of a common regional strategy, Middle Eastern countries have not been able to use their position and resources to advance and secure their national interests and independence, and remain dependent on the West and the hegemonic system. This region is the center of the main international conflicts in the decades (Israeli Arabs) and in recent years (Iraq and Afghanistan front). The terrorist attack on the United States prompted American experts and statesmen to seek out the main sources of terrorism. After the events of September, the Middle East was introduced to the world as an unprecedented source of terrorism; and this time the domination campaigns in the form of the US-led fight against terrorism began at the beginning of the 21st century with the invasion of Afghanistan and then Iraq. In 2010, the wave of Islamic awakening in the Arab world in the Middle East faced many changes and events that continue to this day (2014) and take many victims in Syria and Iraq. Countless terrorist and armed groups have emerged, and suicide and terrorist attacks are being transmitted daily in what is now called the Middle East, the most critical region in the world.

The formation of villages as the core of civilization and activity can be attributed to the environment. However, there have been major challenges in socioeconomic continuity of villages due to the decline of agricultural functionality as the most significant environmental function. This study aims to consider the evolution of agricultural functionalities in rural areas of Markazi Province over the last decade. Based on the objective, the study is applied one and descriptive – analytic in methodology. To this end, all villages with more than the 20 households in two censuses of 2003 and 2014 were taken into account. Then, all the similar agricultural variables in two time sections were extracted and 20 indicators for each section were defined and calculated. Following the statistical description and evaluation of the distribution of the indicators, agricultural evolution of rural areas was modelled in two time sections using structural equation modeling based on bootstrapping approach in AMOS Graphics environment. The path coefficients and their sign at the beginning of the period revealed that the rural areas’ agricultural identity at the beginning of the period was mainly based on farming than gardening and based on the land than water. However, the results of the end of the period showed that the land has been replaced by water. Therefore, the declining trend of changes in the agricultural functionalities the study area during this period was significantly influenced by water. Establishing an integrated organizational structure in order to land and water resources’ policy regulation and decision-making along with a provincial governance to implement the policies and decisions, beyond the sectoral approach, hopefully is a suggestion that can help to solve the problems agricultural identity of rural communities is engaged with. 

Climate change has left its work in many parts of the world in recent decades, and it is expected that the impact of these changes will intensify in the coming decades. Meanwhile, livelihoods in agricultural communities are heavily influenced by weather and experience more vulnerability. For this reason, it is important to identify the response steps and reactions. Given the negative impact of these changes on agricultural production, and on the other hand, because agricultural production is the source of income for many rural communities, adaptation of rural communities (especially farmers) to maintain livelihoods and ensure their food security is an issue Absolutely necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the compatibility of farmers in the villages of Baskeholuchai village of Urmia. The method used was analytical and descriptive and data gathering method was survey and documentary. Data were analyzed using one-sample T-test, Cronbach's test, Bartlett's test, and regression. The results of Cronbach's test were 0.731 which had a high level of stability. The T-test showed The low level of farmers' compatibility is 2.67. Also, the results of regression test showed the great impact of new knowledge and information on the level of farmers' compatibility.

Investigating the livability of peri urban rural areas has special importance and place in geographical research. Both urban planners and rural development planning scholars and researchers should open the door to balance and sustainable regional development through efforts to identify and explain these rural issues. The purpose of this study is investigate and analyze the livability status of peri urban Shiraz villages. The research method is descriptive-analytical and the data were collected by both documentary and field methods. The study area of the study is 13 villages located in the central part of Shiraz. From total rural population living in villages, 295 heads of households were selected as statistical sample. Given the varied geographical location of the study area, the natural position of the villages was also taken into account. The results show that the livelihood status of the villages with the mean value is 185.266 above the average (177). The results also showed that the level of livability was different in major indices. Other results showed that there was a significant difference in the livelihood status of the villages based on their natural position and it found that plain villages had a better livability status compared to other villages.

The drying of Lake Urmia is one of the environmental hazards that has occurred in Iran for two decades and has caused some problems in Rurals. Reducing the vulnerability of villages to drought requires attention to resilience dimensions, so that the village's internal capacities can be used to reduce vulnerability, which also requires training and skill. This research was carried out with the aim of studying the resilience situation of the villages of Ghale-Chahi watershed, the role of practical training in improving resilience and, finally, extraction of key proponents of rural resilience to the drying of Lake Urmia. The research is applied and analyzing the data is descriptive-analytical as well as with a futuristic approach. The results of the research showed that the resilience situation in the studied villages before and after the training had a significant difference at the level of 0.714. Also, the results of the resilience model indicate that the AIR rate in the villages is equal to 0.51 and in the training period is 0.63. The results of the data analysis with the Mick-Mac software showed that the variables of attention to entrepreneurship and employment are considered as the most effective key proponent. In the next stage, social cohesion, social participation, village ownership, social responsibility, risk perception of drought, modification of cropping pattern, new irrigation practices, NGO formation and activity, housing rehabilitation and compliance with technical criteria for construction as a important key to rural resilience. Finally, based on the findings of the research, practical suggestions are presented.

Earthquakes in urban areas worldwide have become a significant concern for residents and city administrators because of potential losses to life and widespread damage to urban infrastructure that occurs after the earthquake. Iran is considered one of the most critical countries globally. Almost all of its regions are subject to medium to large earthquakes. Tehran, as the capital of the country, is no exception to this rule. Since 1830, no earthquake has ever experienced severe earthquakes.

This study aims to prepare an earthquake scenario and identify regions prone to earthquake risk in Tehran City.

The information about the earthquake in Tehran is calculated based on the previous studies of the prevention and management of the Tehran crisis, according to distance and fault arrangement, and the depth of the earthquake. The results were calculated based on three seismic scenarios of Parchin, Niavaran, Moshae, and Varmin, and for each of these scenarios, there was a map of human and construction loss. Considering that the point is given to each of the 500 x 500 networks in each scenario, the most considerable amount obtained in each scenario is presented to the networks mentioned above as the resultant of scenarios, and the consequent result is presented as the resulting maps of an earthquake.

Different maps have been prepared based on possible earthquake scenarios. The most critical situation is considered by comparing each cell, and in the end, the critical map of the earthquake and the identification of critical areas are presented. As a simple software and with the help of GIS software, RADIUS software can help managers and urban planners reach a flexible urban environment. In the earthquake, most of the earthquake damage and the earthquake-related to the fault will be Niavaran. Most of the casualties in the northeast of Tehran will be due to the population density, which is required to pay attention to urban managers in these areas to emergency housing centers, hospitals, and more attention to construction considerations in these areas.

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the land use of Ghouchan city by using object-oriented and pixel-based classification as well as predicting these changes using the CA Markov model until 2030. In this research, Landsat satellite images of ETM and OLI sensors for the years 2000 and 2018 (August) were used. After the images were taken, radiometric corrections were applied to the images, and then using the ground-object and object-oriented pixel methods, a land use map was extracted. In order to evaluate the classification accuracy, general accuracy and Kappa coefficients were used. The results obtained in the object-oriented classification in both of the general accuracy and kappa coefficients were 94% and 97%, respectively, which is more accurate than the pixel-based method. Most of the area in the region, using Object Oriented Classification in 2000, is related to land use and mountainous land use, and to base land use and land use, respectively. According to the Classification for 2018 using Object Oriented Classification, most of the area had the weakest land use and dry land use. Using the CA Markov modeling and considering the two land use maps, the probability matrix was calculated, and the CA mapping prediction map for the next 12 years, 2030, was obtained, and the area and percentage of each Uses were calculated separately. The results showed that the greatest increase in the variation among the users would be for poor pasture users in 2030, which is also increased by 2019-27449 hectarrs. The largest reduction in area will be for dense pasture users with a total area of 236666 hectares. Man-made human consumption will grow at 62.530 hectares during this 12-year period. By predicting user variations, the extent to which resources can be expanded or degraded can be guided, and this can be done by directing these changes to appropriate paths.