نشریه انرژی های تجدیدپذیر و نو
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار و تابستان 1400)

In this study, a comprehensive review on sustainable solutions for energy saving in greenhouse systems using renewable energies technologies is presented. Afterward the brief and concise assessment and identify of existing greenhouse systems and in order to notable reductions of energy consumption in greenhouses, topics such as total energy consumption; cost-effective, energy-efficient as well as environmentally friendly technologies are analyzed in detail. The technologies considered within the scope of this research are mainly renewable and sustainable based solutions such as photovoltaic (PV) modules, solar thermal collectors, hybrid PV/T collectors and systems, phase change material (PCM) and underground based heat storage techniques and energy-efficient heat pumps. The findings from the research reveal that up to 80% energy saving can be achieved through utiliztion of renewable energies technologies.

Planning for optimal utilization of solar energy requires evaluation of solar systems, especially photovoltaic systems in different cities of the country. Photovoltaic cells are affected by factors such as high temperature, dust deposition, electrical losses and severe storms. The presence of dust in the sky of Iran causes dust deposition on the surface of the photovoltaic panels and greatly affects the efficiency of photovoltaic panels. In this study, natural factors affecting the performance of photovoltaic panels such as the intensity of sunlight, temperature, humidity, wind current, snow and dust are mentioned. Also, several types of automatic cleaning systems are mentioned to clean the solar panels from any contamination. Experimental tests were conducted outdoors to evaluate the effect of dust on the important parameters of the photovoltaic panel. Dust deposition on the panel surface caused 3% decrease in voltage, 42% decrease in current, 46% decrease in power and 3% increase in the temperature of the contaminated panel compared to the clean panel. Comparisons between clean panel and panels contaminated with dust and sand were made. As a result, the voltage and current of the panel with 10   of sand decreased 2% and 4% more than the voltage and current of the panel with 10  of dust. Photovoltaic panels should be cleaned regularly using cleaner systems that minimize the need for water and manpower to reduce the effects of pollution and increase the efficiency.

Desalination of saline and seawater is one of the best ways to provide fresh water. This article provides an overview of different types of water desalination processes, with introduction of advantages, disadvantages and various techniques to increase their efficiency. The results of this study suggest that for saline waters with salts greater than 1.2% mass fraction, it is more economical to use reverse osmosis devices instead of electro-dialysis process. Furthermore, the resistance of electro-dialysis membranes is much higher than of reverse osmosis membranes. Multiple-effect distillation (MED) is the most important thermal process that can produce a large amount of fresh water. The vapor-compression (VC) method does not require an external heating source and is exerted by electricity, therefore, the method is suitable for populated areas that have access to electricity. Low energy consumption in the freezing method is the most important advantage of that in comparison to other methods. Because, most areas in need of fresh water have high solar irradiations, so solar water desalination is the best way to provide the required water. Passive solar desalinations are devices that do not require a variety of energy and pumping systems and work with the least peripheral equipment, therefore, are cost-effective than solar active desalinations. The advantage of a stepped-solar still is that by placing a small basin with phase change material at the bottom of the absorber plate, it is possible to use the benefits of a single basin solar still at all period of day and night.

In modern architecture, in addition to the basic needs and consideration of the beauty of spaces and facades of buildings, attention to designs to prevent energy loss is an important factor. One of the most comprehensive methods to cover all of these factors is natural ventilation, which is known to be one of the most effective factors in providing thermal comfort. This factor has always been considered especially in hot and dry climates, and architects have come up with different solutions depending on the climatic conditions of the area. This study investigates one of the most commonly used natural ventilation elements of traditional, wind-driven architecture in warm and dry climates. Therefore, the main purpose of this research was to study and study the ideas and perspectives of traditional architecture in the field of natural ventilation and the influence of elements used in traditional buildings for thermal comfort and temperature equilibrium in hot and dry climate in order to be modeled. From traditional architectural elements to the design of modern buildings, we improve thermal comfort in a contemporary building. For this purpose, numerical analysis of deflector performance has been performed by applying fluid dynamics science and based on simulation in Ennis Fluent software. The results show that the use of windscreen can reduce the temperature to about 9 ° C in hot and dry climate.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of Types the renewable energies on Iranian Electricity Production during the period of 1981-2017. For this purpose, Vector Autoregressive Model, Johansson-Juselius method and Vector Error Correction Model are used. The long run results indicate that if the Electricity Price variables, Electricity Consumption, and the Types renewable energies (such as Solar, Hydro, Wind, and geothermal), these leads to 0.17, 0.54, 8.44, 5.39, 3.78, and 1.03 percentage increase in the Electricity Production. Moreover it was found that among renewable energy sources, the effect of solar energy on the Electricity Production is higher than others and we have to prioritize investment in solar energy. In addition, the results are based on the coefficient of the error correction method indicates that about 0.71 of the short-term imbalance is adjusted in each period to achieve the long-term equilibrium further.

In recent decades, pollution has caused many problems such as climate change in Iran as well as the world. By considering the Iran's condition and location in Middle East, and the worldwide oil-based economic pressures, it is mandatory to focus on other industries to change the economic pulse of the country. So, stepping into the field of renewable energy is vital. Since Iran is subjected to numerous environmental contaminants, as well as habitats destruction and the loss of agricultural lands in some areas of the country due to the drought, which leads to migration and suburbia phenomenon, it is inevitable to switch to renewable energies, including solar, wind energy, and develop this industry. This study seeks to evaluate and rank the areas in Iran that have not been identified for solar and wind energy electricity generating despite their high potential. After the initial evaluation of the location by considering factors such as latitude, longitude, wind speed and solar radiation, the locations are prioritized with one of the multi-criteria AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) weighting methods based on the solar and wind farms criteria such as return on investment, political and economic impacts, wind intensity, radiation angle, etc.). Finally, the best ranking among the top selected areas including Nimroz-Hamoon (Sistan), Behbahan and Shooshtar (Khuzestan), Kerman and Yazd is determined.

Iran is geographically located in the arid and semi-arid region of the earth, with an average rainfall about 250 mm per year, which is one-third of the world's average rainfall. So that, 84% of the country's catagorized as arid and semi-arid area and only 16% of it is in the semi-humid and humid regions. However, total per capita consumption of drinking water in Iran (including commercial - industrial - household - green space ...) is estimated to 220 liters per day. In addition, population growth in Iran has been increasing in recent years. Lack of proper management of available water resources has led to serious challenges in the field of water supply, especially drinking water in many cities and villages of the country. In this paper, using the 3'Rs strategy (reduction, reuse and recycling), We investigate the ways to reduce water demands at the University of Bojnrod and then discuss the possibility of using gray water, as an important part of the wastewater of the  campus. One of the important point in water management of the campuses is to pay attention to the wastewater produced in the university. The most important wastewater produced at the University of Bojnord is the restaurant wastewater, which we concentrate on the possibility of using this wastewater and its usable products.

Energy supply was one of the most important concerns of mankind Throughout history that recently is done more consciously. Proper planning to supply energy is from the goals of every society. The introduction of proper planning is the existence of a realistic view of the future. In the energy sector, there is also a view of the future in terms of demand for energy as well as the status of available resources. In this paper, the demand for energy in different sectors of consumption is investigated to achieve an accurate and reliable view of the future. The energy consuming sectors can be defined as agricultural, transportation, industrial, thermal and finally the electrical power generation sector. To do so, articles on similar topics case study of Iran and other countries were studied to compare the factors that have been considered to achieve a suitable model for energy demand in the country of Iran. Using the future horizon of consumption, which the model shows, make us be able to plan sustainable development and implement the amount of energy needed using renewable energy sources.

A majority portion of energy resources in the world is supplied by fossil fuels. Excessive consumptions of fossil energy resources have instigated many environmental issues such as climate change. Burning fossil fuels release toxic and dangerous pollutants that will affect the environment and finally the human food chain. Overconsumption of nonrenewable fossil fuels concerns the global community to develop concepts such as sustainable renewable energies, energy storage, thermal energy and phase change materials within the framework of energy management. The idea of using phase change materials for storage of renewable thermal energy is growing.  Having variety types of phase - change materials with different characteristics has led to the possibility of using these materials in several industries such as textiles, medicine, smart clothes, civil and electronic industries. Additionally, storage and release of renewable energies are important factor in the development of energy management. Therefore, in this study, the role of phase change materials in smart clothing is investigated.

Load-frequency control is among the important concerns in controlling microgrids, which are operated independently of the main grid. In this paper, load-frequency control in microgrids on ships is studied. Resources such as batteries and flywheels are considered controllable resources in load-frequency control. Besides, the model predictive control is used as the controller to design a load-frequency control system. The model predictive control weight parameters, which play a substantial role in determining the performance of this controller, are optimized using the craziness-based particle swarm optimization algorithm. The proposed algorithm accelerates convergence. The results of the proposed controller are compared under several different scenarios considering the uncertainty of parameters using Multi-Objective Fuzzy Type 1 PI and Multi-Objective interval Fuzzy Type 2 PI controllers, which are optimized by the black hole algorithm, the fuzzy proportional integral controllers, and Ziegler–Nichols proportional integral controllers. The effectiveness of the proposed method with regard to the response speed, the decrease in overshoot and undershoot, and robustness against the parameter uncertainties is indicated. The proposed controller responds faster than the other conventional control methods and accelerates the process of responding to oscillations by 7%. In addition, the proposed controller performs better in reducing overshoot and reducing undershoot and it shows a 5% improvement with regard to the decrease in overshoot and undershoot in the oscillations. Simulations are also carried out in MATLAB (Simulink).

Nowadays, high dependence on fossil fuels for chemical and fuel production, and also, the severe shortage of these resources has raised serious concerns. Moreover, increasing in greenhouse gas emissions and environmental pollution are also an important reason for reviewing industries with conventional processes. In recent years, biorefinery has received much attention from the lignocellulosic industry, especially in the field of converting natural polymeric wastes (black liquor, sludge, etc.) to value-added products by supplying part of the chemicals and fuel required by industry. Many studies have been done on the conversion of hemicelluloses into high value-added materials. In most of these studies, the aim was to optimize the extraction conditions and then convert them. Furthermore, biorefinery can help to creating value-added products from black liqueur derived from pulping lignocellulosic materials in papermaking as by-products of pulp and paper. Finaly, economically, biorefinery will boost the economic sector of these plants. This paper discusses the main goals of biorefinery of natural polymer waste from paper mills that have multifaceted impacts on the economy, energy and the environment.

Awareness of the devastating impact of fossil energy sources and their resource limitations in the coming decades has prompted all human societies to seek alternative renewable sources. Iran has an average of 2,900 hours of sunshine per square meter of flat land area that can convert between 3.4 to 7.5 kWh of solar energy into electricity or hot water. The awareness and acceleration of this process are quite clear and symbolic. On campus, based on several important criteria, such as proximity to the grid or substation, accessibility and monitoring, proper slope, non-shading, and inadequate landscape, the feasibility of small-scale power plants can be examined so that Meet 5 to 10% of the needs of buildings adjacent to the solar plant. Land selection on campus has a decisive role in increasing solar radiation absorption and power generation and reducing network loss, overcrowding, inadequate slope, and air pollution. The AHP Analysis Hierarchy Process approach is used to analyze the proper location of solar panels, related to environmental factors, access to power stations and adjacent buildings. Conditions of access, supervision, and proximity to buildings or power grids are second and foremost, and poor prospects on campus may be at the bottom of the assessment.

In this study, for aerodynamic analysis the vertical axis of Darius H type of hydrofoil micro water turbine, three hydrofoil NACA0015, NACA0018 and NACA0021 were selected and modeled using the Bezier equation of hydrofoil using its original model. Then, using the HOPMBL coding method, which was solved by the boundary element method, the NACA0015 hydrofoil pressure distribution coefficient was better than the other two hydrofoils numbers in different Reynolds numbers, and in another method, the maximum lift to drag coefficient using Q-Blade NACA0015 hydrofoil software The drip lift is higher on the Reynolds 53670 than on any other hydrofoil, at 5.9degree angle of 24.3, which is why the NACA0015 was chosen. Then, to analyze the hydrofoil of the fluent software, it used the KW-SST model to obtain the lift coefficient, drag coefficient and the pressure distribution coefficient in terms of length, and compared it with the data obtained from the Q-Blade software. Next, the water micro turbine with NACA0015 hydrofoil with chord length, blade height and rotor radius of 6.4, 35 and 18.5 cm was designed in catia software and manufactured. Then, the hydro-turbine designed in Ansys Fluent software was simulated with Realizable k-e model and analyzed velocity and pressure static conditions.

The role of energy in the global economy may highlight the importance of energy. Iranian researchers to examine the current state and prospects of Renewable and new energies have conducted numerous studies, but there is no information on the effects of different types of renewable and new energies on Iran inflation rate. The main objective of this study is to investigation of the role renewable and new energies on the inflation rate of Iran during the period of 1979-2018. For this analysis, Autoregressive Distributed Lag and Counteraction method Short and long run relationship between variables is used to determine the existence. The results that coefficient of the error correction method indicates that about 0.68 of the short-term imbalance is adjusted in each period to achieve the long-term equilibrium. It is estimated that the relationship between inflation rate, GDP per Capita, labor force, renewable energy investment by the private sector,  and the production of types of renewable and new energies (solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and biomass) in the Short and long run, it is declining. In addition, the variables of labor, GDP, investment in the private sector and various types of renewable energy sources (solar, wind, water, geothermal and biomass) reduce inflation rate in the long run. So that in the long run, the use of one percentage of these variables reduces leads to 0.82, 0.76, 0.75, 0.61, 0.54, 0.34, 0.31 and 0.64 percentage decrease in the inflation rate. This means that renewable energy It does not have a devastating effect on inflation,and it also causes economic growth in the long run.

One of the main causes of air pollution in metropolises is the heavy traffic and high volume of cars and motor vehicles, which undoubtedly play a major role in increasing the amount of air pollutants that introduction of hybrid cars into the urban transport is essential. This paper first briefly introduces plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and their role in fuel consumption management; then a case study of a renewable energy-based charging station for PHEVs was assessed on demand on sunny and cloudy days. On a cloudy day, when wind speeds ranged from 10.4 to 11.6 m/s, charging demand was higher from about 6:00 to about 18:00 than PV and wind power generation, so the power controller turned on the FC to generate the extra energy needed to meet the demand. Also on a sunny day, when wind speeds ranged from 10.2 to 12.3 m/s, the charge demand was lower than PV and wind energy production. Therefore, the power controller turned off the FC and the available additional power was used to break down water to produce hydrogen. Overall, the solar and wind power charging station effectively met the demand for PHEVs on sunny and cloudy days.