پژوهش نامه مطالعات مرزی
پیاپی 30 (زمستان 1399)

Nowadays, environmental knowledge seeks to protect the environment in relation to the social environment by increasing environmental awareness at the community level and strengthening environmental knowledge and culture in various areas of society. In the meantime, the emphasis on the role of women as environmentalists is not hidden from anyone. Women have always been considered as one of the main educational institutions of the society and family, which have achieved significant progress in the present century due to their seriousness and efforts. The active participation of women in institutionalizing environmental culture and the need to create the necessary conditions to achieve a sustainable environment is something that in recent years has become a new paradigm in the sustainability of ecosystems; to some extent, residents' awareness of environmental issues, especially women's awareness, is considered essential. Considering the border areas of Iran, considering the long borders with neighboring countries, most of which are environmental elements, requires environmental planning and assessments. In this regard, the main purpose of this study is to explain how the knowledge and environmental awareness of women in border areas affect the sustainability of ecosystems. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and with an analytical approach. First uses documentary-library resources and examines the concepts related to women's environmental knowledge and awareness and then explains the model of the effective factors on the sustainability of ecosystems. Finally, by modeling structural equations, the effect of knowledge and environmental awareness of women in the settlements of Marivan border city has been assessed. The results show that "education rate" is the most important variable with an impact factor of 98% and among the dependent factors of the model, the variable "rate of protection of environmental resources" has the most impact. Also, based on the calculated coefficient of determination, the independent variables of the research model explain up to 90% of the sustainability of ecosystems. Therefore, it can be said that increasing the basic knowledge of women in border settlements can change their environmental attitudes and thus create a sense of responsibility for the protection of natural resources. Finally, in accordance with the conditions and border situation of the case study, basic solutions in this field are presented.

Rural road as a vital artery of the regions is one of the most important infrastructure services that plays a special role and place in the development and security of villages, so its planned spatial construction and distribution can have a direct effect on the security of border villages. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of different types of roads on the security of border villages in Sistan region. The descriptive-analytical research method was based on documentary and field studies. The statistical population of the research at the village level was all border villages along the roads of Sistan (350), which was determined as a rural sample size of 46 villages using Sharp correction formula. Also, the statistical population at the household level included all households in the studied border villages (9305) that using Cochran's formula, the sample size was 369 people. The reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and its validity was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha test (socio-economic components 0.84 and security-political components 0.85). The results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between political-security and socio-economic dimensions and classes of rural distance from the road due to the amount of Kendall correlation coefficient (-0.629) and error level less than 0.01%. Also, the results of Kruskal-Wallis test of the components of socio-economic and political-security level of security showed that the level of security in border villages around different types of roads in Sistan region was significantly less than 0.000%.

From a social point of view, organizations want employees with the necessary ability to work and sufficient motivation to stay in the job and their organization. The ability of organizations to retain employees is one of the indicators of success of managers and of course their most serious concern. The purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the effective factors on the persistence of border guards in the organization. The research is an applied one in terms of purpose and survey in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of the study consisted of the staff of the NAJA Border Command and a sample of 340 of them were interviewed by sampling appropriate classes from 16 border provinces, including Tehran as the headquarters. The data of this study were collected using a valid and reliable researcher-made questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha 0.91) and analyzed through SPSS software. The results showed that organizational factors are the most important effective factors on the persistence of border guards in the organization. Individual and environmental factors are also in the next positions, respectively. Among the individual factors, the individual's perception of the suitability of personality with the job, among the organizational factors, the payment system and among the environmental factors, job opportunities outside the organization were recognized as more effective variables than other ones. Therefore, considering that the most important variables are organizational, this opportunity is provided to create and strengthen the employee persistence conditions by purposefully investing in the improvement of the organization.

The operation and ownership of border rivers is a contentious issue for many governments. Exploitation of the Helmand River is one of the legal issues between Iran and Afghanistan since the signing of the 1857 Paris Agreement. This study was conducted with the aim of comparative study of the legal situation of the Helmand River water exploitation with the basic principles of the 1997 Convention. It is a descriptive-analytical method that has been extracted by studying the documents and texts of the 1997 UN Convention and the Iran-Afghanistan Treaty on Helmand Water (1973) and its protocols No. 1 and 2, and then by analytical comparison of the provisions of these documents and the strengths and weaknesses of them are addressed. The findings show that the fundamental norms contained in the 1997 Convention exist in the water relations of Iran and Afghanistan, and it is necessary to follow the global norms for the optimal use of the common Helmand River in order to solve the remaining problems. The results of the present study indicate that Iran has supported the fair operation of each state participating in the common waterways and has shared water with its neighbors accordingly. Theoretically, Iran has applied the doctrine of limited territorial sovereignty and, as an upstream or downstream government, has recognized the right of its neighbors to exploit shared water resources. The principle of non-discrimination and commitment to consultation and exchange of information, the peaceful settlement of disputes and the manner of this settlement, the preservation of the environment and the establishment of a permanent body for water management are enshrined in Iran's border agreement with the Government of Afghanistan and in accordance with the 1997 UN Convention

In different countries, the security and stability of the country faces many obstacles and the security of the eastern borders of the country, especially the borders of Sistan and Baluchestan province due to special climatic, religious, ethnic and geographical features have always been challenging for the country. In order to identify these obstacles, it is necessary to conduct various researches in order to gain a deeper and more accurate knowledge of these issues and, with full knowledge of them, to adopt desirable planning and policies. Accordingly, in this study, an attempt has been made to address this issue, namely poverty, security of border areas of Sistan and Baluchestan province, in order to identify and study its main obstacles. It is important to note that extensive studies on stability and security have been conducted in Sistan and Baluchestan Province. What has been less investigated in these studies is the examine of factors and obstacles to the stability and security of Sistan and Baluchestan province with emphasis on the context and situation of this province. The present study is of qualitative type and thematic analysis and its statistical population consists of managers and specialists of the province. The results of thematic analysis of the interviews showed that the prevalence of smuggling and mafia economy in the province, the formation of insecure economy, housing role of institutional species (Relief and Welfare Committee), proximity to border areas and undesirable policies in border areas and its insecurities, inequalities social and relative deprivation, institutional and governmental inefficiency, unbalanced development and regional inequalities, marginalization, deprivation and unemployment and discrimination in the province, negative media representation and non-employment of knowledgeable and indigenous people are among the main conditions and factors that are inextricably linked to the spread of poverty and insecurity in the border areas of Sistan and Baluchestan province.

The main purpose of this article is to study the fields and consequences of multipurpose tourism and its effects on sustainable local-rural development in the border cities of Piranshahr. This article seeks to analyze the social and cultural effects as well as to pave the way for the development of multipurpose tourism in the study area by using the mixed quantitative-qualitative research method at different time periods as well as documentary studies and interviews with local development agents and elites, tourists and local people. The results show that on the one hand, considering the natural, cultural and social contexts and location in the border region, the weaknesses of tourism in the region can be turned into strengths with the participation of local people. And used external opportunities, including commercial-recreational tourism, and the region's "borderline" to offset the threats that have plagued tourism in the region. The results also indicate that the development of multifunctional tourism (recreational, commercial, medical and cultural) can compensate for the shortcomings of local development in the study area. On the other hand, by attracting national, transnational (local Kurdistan of Iraq) and local investments in the field of tourism, a strong bridge between national and local development can be established while expanding local development. If this happens, the study community can be a successful model of local development based on tourism in the country.

Kermanshah city has a set of problems, including the spread of marginalization, inefficient and unorganized textures, the concentration of low-income groups, and various social anomalies and disorders. These issues have posed serious challenges to the security of citizens. The aim of this study is to zoning the spatial pattern of drug-related crime in Kermanshah. The statistical population of the study is the legal area of Kermanshah. The method of the present study is applied and tools such as mean center and standard deviation ellipse, Moran spatial autocorrelation analysis and kernel density estimation in GIS environment and T-statistic have been used. In the present study, Excel software was used to create a database; GIS software was exerted for graphical analysis; and Crime Analysis and SPSS software were also applied. Findings show that the rate of Moran I index in the distribution of points related to general and major drug trafficking and drug dealing was 0.97 and 0.95, respectively. Also, the Z value of the distribution of points of these crimes is equal to 16.94 and 20.08, respectively. Therefore, the research findings confirmed the clustering of crimes in Kermanshah. The most important centers of drug trafficking in Kermanshah are in Jafarabad, Rashidi, Feyzabad and Tazehabad, Zourabad, Topkhaneh and Azadi Square, Ariashahr, Kayhanshahr, Javanshir, Sarcheshmeh, Vakila Agha, Choqa Kabood, Maskan, Javadiyeh, Hekmatabad, Anahita and Baq Abrisham. According to the results of T-test, social, physical and environmental factors have the greatest role in the formation of geographical areas of drug trafficking in Kermanshah, respectively. As their T statistic is equal to 3.40, 3.18 and 3.12, respectively. Also, their significant value is 0.001, which is less than the error level of 5%.