پژوهشنامه مکتب های ادبی
پیاپی 12 (زمستان 1399)

Forough Farrokhzad's poetry is closer to the school of Romanticism in general, but in the romantic space of her poetry, the use of symbolic words is also seen a lot. Various symbols are used in her poems. Forough has used the sky and words related to celestial phenomena a lot. The star, the sun, the moon, the sky and a few related names in these poems of the second period of her poetic life, in addition to their true meaning and status, find a symbolic meaning. This paper has attempted to analyze analytically the foreground of Forough's poetry. This research shows that in addition to poetic depiction by these words, wherever she speaks of her hopes and political and social concerns and weeps over human destiny, often resorting to symbolic language she often takes refuge in symbolic language and uses words related to the sky to describe this space and express her wishes, dreams and hopes, especially the expression of life hope, love and joy. In general, the symbolic use of these words shows more positive charge and bright atmosphere of life in her poetry.

Phenomenon - The concept of love is the most important and prominent theme of lyrical literature, which has provided the ground for the creation of the greatest literary masterpieces in the field of Iranian and world literature; Beyond, love plays a prominent role in the infrastructure of the world's oldest epics; while the foundation of mystical literature has been laid on love in another way. In contemporary literature, however, love is not a purely romantic concept; Rather, it is linked to other components, has socio-political themes, and has increased efficiency and power; Shamloo, through his familiarity with world literature, has translated a number of works and been inspired by their poetic spirit. After getting acquainted with French resistance poets, especially Aragon, Shamloo was directly influenced by his poetic thoughts and ideas. The authors of this article believe that Shamloo, in his poems and based on Louis Aragon, has reached a different definition of love and has combined it with political and social components; The research approach is comparative and based on its French school; Findings of the research indicate that Shamloo, following Aragon, has used love as a basis for expressing his views on the ideal human being, resisting the path of freedom and seeking the ideal image of the beloved.

It is a symbol of imaginative tools and text beautification. A significant part of mystical literature has a symbolic form. The authors of the two commentaries Ruh al-Arwah and Kashfolasrar va odatolabrar have also used the narrative format to better explain the issues and have a greater impact on the audience. The use of symbols in these texts due to their indirect expression and multi-layered, It is a suitable technique for expressing deep mystical thoughts and objectifying the teachings of mysticism and sufism. In the present study, symbolism in the validity dimension of the above interpretations has been investigatedand to find out what is the purpose of using the symbol in the anecdotes of these texts, what is the origin of the symbols and what is their most important characteristic? Based on the findings of this study, the symbols used in the anecdotes of these two works, thematically, they are divided into two sections: symbols related to the field of mysticism and Sufism and symbols related to Religion and the function of symbols in objectifying mystical concepts and teachings it is more frequent than explaining religious issues. Also, considering the centrality of the message in these anecdotes and the emphasis on conveying the content in a simple and fluent language the symbols used in them are also simple, one-dimensional and often tangible and the main plot of all the narrations revolves around the confrontation between the human symbols of the lover / the beloved and the king / common people

Naturalism is a literary doctorine that defines man based on his instinctual desires and considers the actions and thoughts of the individual to be influenced by his inner nature.Naturalists based on this belief, in issues duch as the originality of environmental determinism and destiny, inheritance, etc, in a completely extreme way, emphasize the portrayal of erotic affairs, crimes, and catastrophes.They do not accept human perfection,and believe in events moment pressure and categorically reject the individual's will to correct or control innate imperfections. Naturalists believe that the predetermined destiny of man leads to certain results in his life that lead him with the lever of algebra, without will.This article examines this story by extracting samples of the components of the docteraine of naturalism in the novel zemestan62 written by Ismail Fasih.The results of the study, due to the high frequency of components such as ugliness elements, detailed description of catastrophes, taboo-breaking, similarity human to animal identification, etc, indicated that zemestan62 was naturalist. Also, the assumption that in this story component of "passing through taboos and red and customary and moral red lines", have been used a different and purposeful, it caused the instances of this component to be analyzed in a specially.In the zemestan62, in addition to usual taboo-breaking functions, Fasih also addressed issues such as protesting against extremist regulations, exposing opportunists, warning of honor looting, and highlighting patriotism and altruism. These uses are reflected in the story in parallel with his skepticism and critique of war.

Surrealism is a school that was formed in the twentieth century with the concern of correcting man's definition of reality. Relying on dreams, madness, wonder, and the psychological moment, this school of art sought to provide the context for changing the world by changing man's understanding of existence. Although surrealism in literature is more in poetry; But some of its main activist have written novel. In Iran, surrealism has been considered in both poetry and novels, and many works have been created based on the principles and techniques of this school. The novel "Guide to dying with medicinal plants" by Attarzadeh is one of these examples. In this novel, the author has tried to use the surrealism to draw the turbulent layers of the mind of a blind girl who sees the world differently. The present article seeks to examine the principles and techniques of the school of surrealism in this novel by a descriptive-analytical manner; Then answer the question of what factors have helped to strengthen the surreal meaning in this work. The results show factors such as the emphasis on the main character's blindness that has led to his different perceptions of the outside world, and Isolated girl lifestyle as well as the imaginary presence of the character of Sina, who has particular views on the soul, body, and quality of the intersection of the two, it has created the formal and content coherence of the work in order to induce surreal meanings.

A Study of the Common basics of Surrealism and Attar Neyshabouri's Masnavies Mahin harooni( Ph.d. student of Persian Literature, Shahrekord University) mharooni1400@gmail.com S.Jamal al din Mortazavi( Assistant Professor of Persian Literature, Shahrekord University) baharahang@gmail.com Esmaeel Sadeghi( Assistant Professor of Persian Literature, Shahrekord University) sadeghiesma@gmail.com Ahmad AminAssistant Professor of Persian Literature, Shahrekord University) ahmadamin45@yahoo.com Abstract Surrealism means tend to super realism is the name of a school that was formed in France between 1920 and 1924. Followers of this school, in seeking for a superior reality, denied and confronted everything that was valued in terms of wisdom and social norms. The theoretical foundations of this school, including automatic writing, irrationality, the language of humor, attention to the inside and the like in order to reach the point of unity, are associated with the principles and basics of the mystical school and the truth of superiority that is considered its goal. Attar's Masnavies is one of the works that many writers of the Surrealism school have praised them and have been greatly influenced by them. In the current study, the common basic of the surrealism school and Attar's Masnavies; including insanity and irrationality, humor, unity of contradictions, cutting off from the outside world and paying attention to the inside, dream, imagination, anti-causality, placeless and timelessness are studied and analyzed and the hypothesis of the effectiveness of this school Attar’s works from is confirmed and proved. Keywords: Surrealism, Sufism, Attar's Masnavies (Mantiq ut-Tayr, Mosyibat nameh, -