فصلنامه مدیریت بحران و وضعیت های اضطراری
پیاپی 38 (پاییز 1399)

The purpose of this study is to describe and compare the Covid-19 crisis management methods in selected countries in order to reach to the causes of the existing differences. Having collected the necessary information through library and internet methods in the field of crisis management in the selected countries, the researchers investigated the practice of managers, employees and the people through content analysis and found out the differences in crisis management. Then, they compared the dimensions of crisis management differences and analyzed the causes of differences in crisis management by comparative study. Findings revealed that at least two different methods were applied to control crisis management of Covid-19.  The first method was crisis management by discrimination and favoring patients over one another. The second, however, contained sacrifice (without discrimination). This type of differences in Covid-19 crisis management methods were observed in the selected countries of Iran and America, some of which are presented in the article. The results revealed that in the first wave of the Corona virus attack, Iran acted faster in controlling the crisis by using Jihadi management. Then, the foundations of this method were analyzed. The study suggested the use of Jihadi management method for global controlling of the Covid-19.

Chlorine is a toxic and oxidizing gas used to purify drinking water in Iran. Failure in checking chlorine gas leaks may cause irremediable damage to employees and residents nearby the Chlorine gas storage area. This applied and analytic research, whose population includes Jalalieh water treatment plant in Tehran and the regions around, covers public regions and the nearby vital organizations for the assessment and management of crises. This research is aimed at an investigation of possible Chlorine gas leakage from a one-ton Chlorine gas reservoir in Jalalieh water treatment plant in Tehran by using software ALOHA 5-4-4 for the assessment of the mechanism, rate and the speed of emission and the resulting dangers and the endangered population.  The results demonstrated that if the one-inch valve is damaged, gas emissions can be lethal in a radius of 2.4 km, and will be effective in a radius of 8.3 km, and can be felt in a radius of more than 10 km. It was also revealed that in the first minute of emissions, gas concentration can be around 1080000 PPM in the winter, and about 311 PPM in the summer. Chlorine gas emission is higher in the winter than the summer, because of the weather stability caused by inversion phenomenon, especially in recent years. Finally, based on the results of modeling, the emergency response programs are presented.

Disasters have caused great concern in human societies from the past to the present. The proper condition of hospitals refers to their preparedness for crisis situations and their ability to provide proper services in disastrous conditions. This research is aimed at investigating the emergency preparedness of the hospitals at satellite towns to respond to the measures of health and emergency management in disasters according to the WHO model. This is a descriptive-applied research conducted in Shahid Motahhari Hospital in Fooladshahr. The data were collected by the World Health Organization’s emergency response checklist of hospitals through interviews and reviewing the documents. Data were analyzed using central indicators over a 4-month period. Findings indicated that the highest and lowest levels of emergency preparedness for disasters and emergencies were in the areas of control and command (67.87%) human resource (1%), material and inventory management (0.782%), post-accident reconstruction (0.672%). All in all, the emergency preparedness of the hospital was assessed as average on the basis of WHO model. As the findings indicated, and because of the significance of the role of emergency hospitals in controlling crises, the need to plan and implement convenient measures such as estimating the important and necessary resources, performing structural change, manpower supply, fortifying resilience hospitals, and so on, will be very helpful in improving readiness.

This study is aimed at investigating the situation of crisis management in public libraries in Kashan. This is an analytical survey research. The statistical population of this study includes all 42 public and participatory librarians in Kashan for data collection, all of whom were considered. The data collection tool was a researcher-made crisis management questionnaire whose validity was 0.713 and whose reliability, according to Cronbach's alpha, was 0.895 which were confirmed. Data analysis was done through SPSS20 software at two descriptive and inferential statistical levels. The results indicated that the librarians in Kashan suffered from poor conditions at all three levels of management, before, during and after the crisis. Furthermore, an analysis of the relationship between crisis management status and its levels with librarians’ gender, generally showed no significance. Yet, a relationship was observed between gender and crisis management status at pre-crisis level.  Moreover, no significant relationship was observed between service background and crisis management status and its levels in the libertarians. After the elimination of the weaknesses observed in librarians' crisis management levels, the outcomes of this study can suggest convenient solutions for enhancing the librarians to be more prepared in the face of upcoming crises. This study investigated the status of management crisis of the librarians of Kashan public libraries and the relationship between gender and service background of the librarians with the crisis management and its levels.

Communication in crisis is part of the public relations whose emergence is directly related to the news media communication method. On the other hand, these days, social media in cyberspace arenas is facing the demonstration and extensive and active participation of the audience immediately after the incidence of organizational crisis. Hence, this study aims at identifying the present state of digital public relations in Sepah (IRGC). The research questions cover various dimensions of digital public relations in Sepah. This is a descriptive research which uses questionnaire for data collection. The statistical population includes all cyberspace and public relation elites and experts of the Sepah, sixty of whom were selected as the sample through purposeful sampling method. The results revealed that in six areas, including importance and status of public relations in cyberspace (average: 3.08), planning to encounter threats in cyberspace (average: 2.07), knowing the audience (average: 2.74), understanding threats (average: 3.08), organizing and implementing (average: 2.92) and the feedback of measures in cyberspace (average: 2.91), the general position of public relations of the organization in cyberspace was not evaluated as appropriate. Thus, this situation indicates that the proper significance has not been given to public relations in cyberspace, neither in terms of structure and finance, nor manpower. As demeaning of the position of revolutionary organizations in cyberspace is considered by the enemy media as a serious tactic and plans, the commanders and managers of Sepah are required to put this issue on their agenda. To end, it is suggested that, the managers of this organization design a structure for the required budget, attract specialized human resources and acquire local and attractive technologies relating to this field.

An important approach in new urban management, especially in metropolises, concerns the organization and management of suburban areas, or informal settlements. They are complex residential areas that bring about major challenge for metropolises in terms of low quality of life. They contain high potentials for all types of harms and social problems, and if neglected, they can threaten the entire identity of a city. This is a descriptive-analytical research following survey method and uses questionnaires for data collection. The statistical population of this study covers residents over 20 in Gulshan neighborhood in district 4, ​​Tehran. The sample size was calculated by stratified random sampling through Cochran’s statistical method including 220 people. Questionnaires were filled out by the experts and the data were analyzed by SPSS software. The results revealed that, except for a few items that are analyzed, urban management affected the increase of indicators of citizens’ relationship to urban managers, the quality of urban services and infrastructures, the quality of transportation, and economic and social satisfaction. The highest percentage of satisfaction related to the quality of drinking water, and the lowest level of satisfaction related to the parking space for private cars.