فصلنامه فرهنگی - تربیتی زنان و خانواده
سال پانزدهم شماره 53 (زمستان 1399)

Mourning is one of the most common human reactions that occurs in all cultures and age groups in response to various types of loss, especially the death of a loved one. Therefore, coping with grief and returning to life is important. Hence, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cognitive-behavioral dynamic start training on the grief experience of the wives of shrine defending martyrs of Tehran Province. The statistical population included the wives of shrine defending martyrs of Tehran Province in the academic year 2019. Ten people (five for the control group and five for the experimental group) were selected using the purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Using a pretest-posttest experimental design with a control group, the subjects were first made to complete a grief experience questionnaire. Then dynamic start training was performed in seven sessions on the experimental group, and at the end of the training sessions, the post-test was administered to both groups. Analysis of covariance by SPSS 22 software was used to analyze the data. The results indicated that the dynamic start training program affects the grief experience of the wives of shrine defending martyrs (F = 35.054 and p = 0.001). Observing the mean scores, it can be said that the experimental group reported less grief experience compared to the control group after the dynamic start intervention training. Finally, it can be said that dynamic start training using this protocol can be effective in treating the grief experience of the wives of shrine defending martyrs, and knowing and applying the methods of this protocol can help improve the mourning conditions of individuals.

Respecting communication privacy in the work environment is closely related to the quality of interspousal relationships of working women and affects different aspects of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role respecting communication privacy in the work environment in the quality of interspousal relationships of working women. This qualitative study was carried out with the participation of 15 women working in rehabilitation centers in Najafabad, Iran.  Purposive sampling and in-depth semi-structured interviews were continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The collected data were analyzed using the Grounded Theory. The results led to the identification of four selected codes, ten axial codes and 36 open codes. The two main themes are marital stability which includes the subthemes strengthening interspousal relationships and meeting the emotional needs of the spouse and family-work balance which includes the subthemes separation of job roles from family roles and the diminishing of the impact of job problems on marital relationship. Ultimately, the pattern of the impact of respecting communication privacy in the work environment on the interspousal relationships of working women was revealed. The findings show that respecting communication privacy in the work environment improves the quality of interspousal relationships of working women. Consequently, the quality of marital life affects respecting or not respecting privacy in the work environment, and a two-way relationship is established between them. Not respecting communication privacy in the work environment causes marital problems and reduces the quality of interspousal relationships, and individuals adopt the three adaptive, unadaptive and moral strategies. The working women who do not respect communication privacy experience many mental preoccupations and worries such as fear and anxiety, aggression and conflict with their husbands. Violation of privacy in the workplace causes harms such as concealment, lying, annoyance, negative comparison of the spouse, pessimism, suspicion and mistrust, increased control, retaliation and revenge, breach of contract, divorce and ultimately the reduction of the mental health of the couple. The harms caused by not respecting communication privacy in the work environment are not just related to the relationship with the spouse, and sometimes they are related to the individual’s job and have consequences such as quitting the job. Respecting communication privacy also promotes marital stability, work-family balance and mental health.

This study was conducted with the aim of developing a model for promoting marital satisfaction and examining its effectiveness in reducing the tendency to divorce. The research method is hybrid (of consecutive exploratory design type). The first stage of the research was carried out using the qualitative method (of grounded theory type). At this stage, the components of marital satisfaction and the tendency to divorce were identified, and an intervention program was developed to promote marital satisfaction. For this purpose, ten couples who had high scores in the marital satisfaction test (happy couples) and ten couples who had low scores in the marital satisfaction test and high scores in the divorce tendency test (dissatisfied couples with a tendency to divorce) were interviewed. At this stage, the sampling method was purposeful. Semi-structured and interactive interview methods were used to collect data. The axial coding method was used to analyze the interview data. Based on the findings of the interviews, a model for promoting marital satisfaction was developed and approved by ten professors. In addition, the pattern matching method was used to evaluate the theoretical validity of the model. The model for promoting marital satisfaction was developed in the form of 12 training sessions to achieve five goals derived from the qualitative stage. At the second stage, the unbalanced control group quasi-experimental design was used. At this stage, twenty couples from Mashhad, who had been attracted through invitation and had low scores (more than one standard deviation under the average) in the marital satisfaction test and high scores (more than one standard deviation above the average) in the divorce tendency test, were selected by the convenience method and placed in the experimental and control groups. The Roosevelt, Johnson and Murrow Tendency to Divorce Questionnaire (1986) was used to assess the tendency to divorce. Univariate and multivariate covariance analyses were used to analyze the quantitative data. Findings indicated that the implementation of the model for promoting marital satisfaction is effective in reducing the tendency to divorce. The findings further showed that teaching the model for promoting marital satisfaction was effective on the two dimensions of the test of tendency to divorce, tendency to stop the relationship and negligence. According to the research findings, a training package for promoting marital satisfaction can be used to increase marital satisfaction and reduce the tendency to divorce in couples.

Divorce is the cause of the collapse of the most basic part of society, and it causes mental disorders such as depression by creating a lot of stress. The aim of this study was to compare the impact of human givens therapy (HGT) and rational-emotional-behavioral therapy (REBT) on depression in divorced women in Shahrekord, Iran. This is a quasi-experimental study with pretest-posttest, a control group and a follow-up test. The statistical population included all the divorced women in Shahrekord, Iran. The sample consisted of 45 divorced women selected by the convenience sampling method and divided into experimental and control groups. The HGT and REBT treatments were administered in seven weekly sessions. The Beck Depression Inventory was used to collect data. The results of repeated measures analysis of variance showed that there is a significant difference between the mean scores of the experimental and control groups in depression (F = 40.69, p < 0.001). The intra-group results (p <0.001, F = 10.10) and the interaction between the factor and the group (p = 0.001, F = 32.65) were also statistically significant. The results of Scheffe test further showed that REBT was more effective than HGT. The findings of this study suggest that HGT could reduce depression in divorced women by focusing on changing mental patterns and emphasizing inherent resources, and REBT could so by focusing on replacing constructive thoughts with harmful ones.

Marital infidelity is a complex emotional, social, familial, legal and moral problem that has unpleasant consequences. The ability to tolerate the stress resulting from marital infidelity can be influenced by a variety of factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between psychological capital and distress tolerance in couples suffering from marital infidelity. This is a correlational study of structural equations type. The statistical population included all the married men and women suffering from marital infidelity who had referred to family counseling centers in Tehran, Iran in the first half of 2018. From among them, 400 people were selected using the cluster random sampling method. They completed distress tolerance, psychological capital and cognitive flexibility questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22 and analysis of a moment structures (AMOS) software. The results of fitness indices supported the fitness of the proposed model. The results of structural equation analysis indicated the significance of the direct path coefficients of the final model and also the mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between psychological capital and distress tolerance. As a result of the research findings, it can be said that psychological flexibility is the mediator between psychological capital and distress tolerance of couples suffering from marital infidelity, and the distress tolerance of the individuals suffering from marital infidelity can be increased by improving their psychological capital and flexibility.

Love trauma syndrome is a set of symptoms that occur in people after the end of an emotional relationship and negatively affects a person's performance in various areas. The aim of this study was to describe and explain the emotional reactions of girls with love trauma syndrome. The research method was qualitative and of qualitative and phenomenological type. The study population consisted of all the dormitory students of the University of Tehran who experienced love trauma in 2018. Using the purposive sampling method, the girls living in one of the dormitories of the University of Tehran were selected. Sampling was continued until data saturation was fulfilled, and finally 14 people were selected and studied using a semi-structured interview. The data were analyzed using Colaizzi’s method. The analysis of the interviews produced two main themes, 15 sub-themes and 49 basic concepts. The first main theme was “adaptive emotional reactions”, which included the sub-themes “feeling valued, feeling satisfied and regulating emotions”. The second major theme was “maladaptive emotional reactions”, which included the sub-themes “feelings of failure, feelings of worthlessness, feelings of emotional confusion, feelings of fear, feelings of inadequacy and grief, feelings of vulnerability, depression, feelings of anger, feelings of jealousy, feelings of boredom, unwillingness, frustration and hatred”. The results revealed that love trauma experience has severe and unfortunate, and at times, growth-related consequences which are different and sometimes similar in different people. Due to their local nature and the use of a qualitative approach, the research results can be generalized in our society. They can also provide a basis for the development of intervention guidelines and counseling packages appropriate to this problem.

The present study is aimed at discovering the factors that prevent couples from childbearing. The systematic review method was used in this study. For this purpose, the studies related to childbearing during 10 years (2010-2020) were searched in Scientific Information Database, Comprehensive Portal of Humanities, National Publications Database and Noor Specialized Journals Database using the following four keywords: childbearing, fertility, birth and births. After evaluating the entry and exit criteria in the articles, 39 articles were finally included in the study. The results include the three categories of individual, family and social-environmental factors. Among the individual-cognitive factors, low level of religiosity and parent-centered and child-centered concerns about the future, and among the individual-behavioral factors, modern lifestyle proved to be the most important factors which reduce childbearing. The findings of the study, which show the strong effect of the level of religiosity, couples' concerns about the future and lifestyle on childbearing, indicate that change of beliefs play a prominent role in preventing couples from having children. Therefore, it is suggested that the necessary policies and planning should be developed to improve couples' attitudes and beliefs in the field of family and childbearing by strengthening spiritual values ​​and religiosity, reducing parent-centered and child-centered concerns, improving modern lifestyle, providing appropriate conditions for raising children along with women's participation in social affairs, promotion of paternal and maternal pleasure and reinforcement of family orientedness in order to increase the desire and intention of couples to have children. There should also be more psychological research in this area that focuses on providing solutions using experimental and interventional research methods.