پژوهشنامه خراسان بزرگ
پیاپی 41 (زمستان 1399)

Shah Tahmaseb, the second Safavid king, due to the infancy of this government, needed to establish his spiritual position among the Shiites. The Razavi shrine had a prominent spiritual status among Muslims, especially Shiites. This study includes the developments and the changes taken place with the focus on the Razavi shrine in the period of Shah Tahmaseb. It seeks to answer the following question: How is it possible to describe and explain the spiritual and religious status of the Razavi shrine during this period? By examining components such as; Pilgrimage, recourse, vows, endowments, and burial of elders near the Razavi shrine it can better understand the high spiritual and religious status Of shrine during the reign of Shah Tahmaseb. In addition to religious and spiritual aspects And since Razavi shrine was the only shrine of the Imams in the realm of Shah Tahmaseb, it had a special validity in the policies of this king. The Shah and the courtiers have tried to prove their devotion to this holy shrine by resorting to various methods. This study aims to address the following issues: the place of pilgrimage and recourse to Imam Reza, endowments and vows of the Razavi shrine in this historical period, the position of the Razavi shrine among neighboring governments, the role of the Razavi shrine in the decisions of Shah Tahmaseb and Finally, the buried near the Razavi shrine. Research methodology is historical - analytical using library method to gather the data. Research materials are based on the historical sources of the Safavid era through the findings of sources of inference, explanation and analysis. 

boarding variations and styles in holy shrines indicate the culture and ritual of people in each era. One of these places is Imam Reza Holy Shrine, an organization and developing in the Safavid Period which has fed servants the Pilgrim of Eighth Shia Imam. The main goal of this article is to answer these questions: Which kind of food had been prepared for different ceremonies? Who supplied financial resources? In Safavid Era, as establishing a time for Astan e Ghods Razavi. In this research, we apply a descriptive statistical approach in Safavid’s archival documents and library materials to answer the questions mentioned above. Research outcomes indicate foods had been preparing for poor people and the patients in Imam Reza’s Dar-o-Shafa. Furthermore, special foods were cooked in special ritual celebrations and mourning. Depending on the type of application, it has different types. For Instants, the foods for special ritual celebrations were nearly the kingdom’s foods, and they were various. Some of the financial resources were funded by endowments, which were allocated to feeding. Other supply from other Astan e Ghods incomes with considering Shah and Trustee opinion. Reviewing documents implies foods in the Safavid Period were diverse, and many types of foods were served in that period.

Shah IsmailⅠ founded the Safavid Empire. Announcing the Twelve Shiite religion, he separated his country from the Uzbeks and Sunni Ottomans. Safavid rulers had issued many charges during their kingship, but some of these charges were specially carved on the stones and, according to the subjects of the charges installed in the proper places in order to inform the public. These charges include a variety of issues such as social, cultural. and economic ones. Many of these lithographs were about financial problems and were installed in crowded places by order of Shah Tahmasb Ⅰ and Shah Abbas Ⅰ. In this study, 9 lithographs of the Safavid period were investigated in Neishabur, Sabzevar, Torbate-Jam, and Mashhad. The research questions are: 1) what are the subjects of the lithographs of Neishabur, Sabzevar, Torbate-Jam, and Mashhad? And 2) where were the places of the installation of these lithographs? The results of this study showed that the subject of a large number of lithographs is related to national tax exemption, discount to the city’s gate guards, prohibition of entering to the houses of people by state forces, prohibition of receiving money for Shiite burial, supporting the tribes (including Abdal-Lou, Baghdadlou and Hendouyan), and supporting business owners (like Jamaate Farashan, Gav Koshan, kohne chian, Mashategan, Tork Tabiban, Soudmalan, Shabanan, Lolian, Moghanian, Mamachegan). These lithographs also refer to court positions and ministerial posts (the minister of Khorasan, Mostofian) military positions (like Ghurchian), and social and administrative classes (like Sayyids, rulers, feudalism, Hamesaldaran, tenants) whci provide a valuable source of information for understanding the social and economic situations of the society in Safavid period. At last, these lithographs were generally installed in the entrance section of mosques.

Historical and geographical data related to Khorasan, are reflected in Ottoman sources, constitute the primary source of information for this research. In this context, the Turkishness of these sources is the feature of data gathered for this study. In addition to examining differences in the information of Ottoman Turkish sources and its process of transformations and changes, this study, relying on Turkish sources, has been studied in three parts: the geographical situation, the cultural and social situation, and finally, the economic situation of Khorasan. The results suggested that in the early Ottoman sources, which are represented by Kâtip Çelebi’s Cihannüma, Khorasan’s geographical borders have been described with grandeur and in detail. Still, in the late Ottoman era, Khorasan and its geographical area are portrayed insignificantly. From a cultural and social standpoint, both sources have taken a glance at issues such as monuments, religion, and prominent Persons. Still, ethnic and linguistic issues and the presentation of population statistics are among the strengths of recent sources. As far as the economy of Khorasan is concerned, markets are less scantly addressed in both resources, but the mines, despite some discrepancy in types, have been highlighted in both sources. A focus on horticultural products in earlier, and the description of textiles in later sources are among points that, despite prominence in one source, have been overlooked in the other. In general, the Ottoman view of Khorasan has undergone extensive changes over the centuries, as manifested in the early or late Ottoman sources. There is even information about Khorasan that is not absent in other sources

Modern medicine entered Mashhad at the beginning of fourteen century A.H. and its development continued to the end of the Ahmad Shah Qajar dynasty. Even though, modern medicine followed by the contrary of some traditional followers, but gradually traditional medicine matched itself with modern medicine. So the perception of modern medicine in Mashhad needs to the detection of common diseases and their treatment. This article is written in descriptive and analytical method and its aim is to cognition of modern medicine, Common diseases, and their treatment. This article debates that modern teaching has a special role in the modern treatment and new methods, then it emphasizes people’s awareness of Personal and general hygiene which leads to the Establishment of private clinics, infirmaries, hospitals, the center of medical teaching, modern health checkup and treatment in Mashhad. Therefore, Modern medical services lead to significant results for the society of Mashhad. 

The study of Iran-Russia relations is an issue that has been addressed in recent years, mainly politically, but it is necessary to pay attention to the cultural relations between the two countries, because in the course of relations between the two, cultural issues have not been separated from the political dimension. After the establishment of the Marxist system, the Soviet government's propaganda to present a different and revolutionary image of Russia led to the development of cultural contacts between the two countries. Meanwhile, Khorasan was one of the areas of these cultural exchanges. The present study, using the method of library studies and relying on authoritative archival sources and documents, aims to answer the question: What were the most important cultural activities of the Soviet Union in the first half of the 1320s in Khorasan province and what are the goals of cultural activities in Khorasan? The results of the research show that during the years 1320-1326 in Khorasan, Soviet agents tried to attract Iranians by performing various programs such as: holding celebrations, lectures, showing films, establishing associations and holding sports competitions, and with demonstrating the Soviet system as a service-oriented and well-intentioned state successfully, pave the way for wider Soviet cooperation and communication with Iran, and accept its illegitimate military presence in Khorasan Province. Soviet cultural activities in Khorasan were a development which, after the first stage of cultural activities, led to the continuation and development of comprehensive exchanges of governments in the following years.