پژوهشنامه رسانه بین الملل
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 6، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The escalation of political tensions in the United States in the early decade of the 21st century, and events such as the rise of Trump in 2016 and the deadly attack on Capitol Hill, January 6, 2021, have raised the issue that what are the political and social roots of street politics and the radicalization of elite and mass groups in American society? Accordingly, in this article seeks to answer the main question using descriptive-analytical method, what are the main and focal sources of the decline of the United States and how can they be explained? This question is discussed through the theoretical framework of the model of dynamic multilateral interaction to determine the process of decline in the United States in an interaction between the decline of norms and patterns of behavior, the decline of political institutions, the monetization of politics, economic components and social strife. In fact, these components reinforce and complement each other in this interaction, and from the dynamic interaction between them, the decline of the United States emerges. In such a context, the possibility of reorganizing the agendas and functions of the political system becomes difficult.

The issue of Palestine is one of the most important issues in the Islamic world. The present article seeks to answer the question: "What are the criteria for solving the Palestinian issue and ending the occupation of the Zionist regime from the perspective of the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran?" The article tests the hypothesis that "resistance and jihad, along with following up on holding a referendum, from Iran's point of view are solutions to the Palestinian issue and also complement to each other." Using note-taking tool to collect data from the speeches of the Supreme Leader and in-depth interviews with 15 experts in the field of Palestinian issues, the research method was descriptive-analytical. The findings of the article indicate that the Islamic Republic of Iran has emphasized the implementation of two strategies to solve the Palestinian issue: "Resistance and referendum". In addition to the military solution, Iran has also presented a juridical-political plan. The proposal to hold a referendum in Palestine to determine the juridical-political nature of the ruling government is a democratic plan of Iran proposed by the Supreme Leader and registered with the United Nations. In the intellectual system of the Leader of theIslamicRevolution, holding a referendum is due to resistance and he believes that the solution to the Palestinian crisis is jihad, which will eventually lead to the establishment of an independent Palestinian state.

Historical, cultural and religious commonalities of the Republic of Azerbaijan with Iran have made this northern neighbor always at the center of Iran's supportive diplomacy. Accordingly, this article seeks to explain Iran's assistance to the Republic of Azerbaijan and answer these two main questions: What is the scope of the Islamic Republic of Iran's assistance to the Republic of Azerbaijan after the independence of this country in 1991 until 2020? What are the reasons for the efforts of the government and the media of the Republic of Azerbaijan to hide or reduce the level of Iranian aid to the Republic of Azerbaijan? To answer the research questions, the theoretical framework of supportive diplomacy and descriptive-analytical method have been used. The findings show that Iran has assisted Baku in at least 21 different national, bilateral, regional and international areas, as well as in the economic, cultural, political, defense, energy, development and other fields. Direct military assistance to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict and the provision of energy resources required by the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic are examples of such support. But despite Iran's assistance, the Azerbaijani authorities have tried to portray Iran as a security threat to public opinion inside and outside the Republic of Azerbaijan by creating fabricated narratives and concealing the assistance of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

The radio and television networks of IRIB World Service are among the most important sources and tools of public diplomacy and media in Iran in the regional and global arenas, which is one of the goals of promoting public diplomacy and soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The purpose of this article is to present strategies for promoting public diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran for IRIB World Service in order to have a more effective media presence in regional and global political and non-political processes as well as promoting Iran's soft power. Using the Delphi method, this research has been done in three stages.  The opinions of 31 media experts and strategic planning model has been used. Based on this, the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for IRIB World Service and strategies have been written. The results of this study showed that competitive strategies are the most appropriate strategies for IRIB World Service radio and television networks in order to promote public diplomacy in the Islamic Republic of Iran. The most important strategy of this research is "creating a thought-provoking group of perception management and forming a team of special knowledgeable and experienced news editors in radio and television networks of IRIB World Service".

Given the fact that, today, media are considered a very effective element in creating and strengthening convergence among nations, the current study seeks to identify the content requirements of the Iranian media diplomacy in Russian-speaking regions. For this reason, the present study has formulated the data obtained from 19 experts in the field of media and Russian-speaking regions through semi-structured interviews and content analysis techniques. The topics are explained under the three categories of the developments of the international system, the governing policies in the Central Eurasian region and the relations between the Russian Federation and the Islamic Republic of Iran. Based on the results, content production in Russian can be pursued in the audio, visual and virtual media abroad, while emphasis should be made on the topics such as culture-identity-religion commonality, Takfir (accusing another Muslim of apostasy), Western-American sanctions, Iran's special geopolitics, prevention of the promotion of regional and trans-regional extremists and pan ideologies, neutralizing regional and international common rivals and enemies’ measures, as well as convergence on economic fields, etc. Furthermore, the development of overseas Russian Radio and the establishment of Russian Television abroad are recommended to strengthen the Iranian media diplomacy in the Russian-speaking regions.

Examples of security and military threats to various countries include widespread pandemics that quickly make it difficult for governments to contain and manage crises. Accordingly, the focus of this study is on the prevalence of pandemic corona and the importance of the devastating effects of this disease on global health and security and the role of mass media. Even if the corona virus is not created with the goal of starting a full-fledged biological warfare, it can become a tool for use in biological warfare due to its high rate of spread and high mortality. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the basic questions that what are the main strategies to deal with emerging and unimaginable threats such as Corona, especially in the context of passive defense systems? Also, what is the role of the media in this regard? "Biological warfare", "security" and "media power" are the theoretical concepts used in this research. The research method is descriptive-analytical and its purpose is to explain the role of passive defense and media in corona crisis management. The results of the study emphasize that dealing with security threats arising from unexpected events is a serious issue and countries should consider it as a comprehensive biological attack and deal with it properly. In this regard, a set of measures in the context of timely crisis management and passive defense can be useful. The media also play an important role in providing the necessary training in the field of public care, observing different levels of health, and explaining the wide-ranging risks of corona virus to public opinion.

All of the world's criminal justice systems have recognized the content of the criminal responsibility of individuals for the violation of the rules that accomplish with punishment. So, the individual criminal responsibility, both in civil law and in international law, is one of the total principles of law. The present article seeks to answer this question with a descriptive-analytical method who is individually responsible for the cyber aggression? Findings of research represent that a computer network attack (CNA) can hardly be considered as an aggression crime in the category of existing aggressions of Article 8bis ICC Statute. But it seems that it can be examined as an aggression crime and the evident violation of United Nation Charter in ICC due to its nature, intensity and the range. According to the leadership clause contained in Article 8 bis (1) Statute: "persons who located at different levels of the military hierarchy, effectively accomplish these attacks, are " cyber warriors" and they would not be criminally responsible under Article 8bis but their superior is responsible if he has the requisite leadership clause. So, individual criminal responsibility only arises with regard to "a person in a position effectively to exercise control over or to direct the political or military action of a state".

With the fall of the Taliban government in 2001, the group's presence in Afghanistan diminished, but over time, the Taliban strengthened their position and emerged as the strongest opposition player in the country, seeking to play an effective role in Afghanistan's future. The main question of the article is, what is the perspective of the Taliban's position in the future governance of Afghanistan? Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to provide a perspective and analysis of scenarios related to the position of the Taliban in the future governance of Afghanistan. The theoretical framework of the article is Ibn Khaldun's theory of Asabiyyah. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The main hypothesis is that the Taliban's power in Afghanistan and in particular its influence and legitimacy, has increased since the signing of the peace agreement with the U.S as well as the atmosphere in the intera-Afghan talks. The findings show that the Taliban's position in Afghanistan's future cannot be ignored, and this group's interests must be considered in determining the country's future. It seems that the Taliban will pursue the issue of participation in power in the short term and during the intera-Afghan talks; but in the long run, it intends to seize full power in Afghanistan; the result will be the resistance of other groups and the continuation of insecurity in this country.

With the fall of the Taliban government in 2001, the group's presence in Afghanistan diminished, but over time, the Taliban strengthened their position and emerged as the strongest opposition player in the country, seeking to play an effective role in Afghanistan's future. The main question of the article is, what is the perspective of the Taliban's position in the future governance of Afghanistan? Accordingly, the main purpose of this article is to provide a perspective and analysis of scenarios related to the position of the Taliban in the future governance of Afghanistan. The theoretical framework of the article is Ibn Khaldun's theory of Asabiyyah. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The main hypothesis is that the Taliban's power in Afghanistan and in particular its influence and legitimacy, has increased since the signing of the peace agreement with the U.S as well as the atmosphere in the intera-Afghan talks. The findings show that the Taliban's position in Afghanistan's future cannot be ignored, and this group's interests must be considered in determining the country's future. It seems that the Taliban will pursue the issue of participation in power in the short term and during the intera-Afghan talks; but in the long run, it intends to seize full power in Afghanistan; the result will be the resistance of other groups and the continuation of insecurity in this country.

Facing with the public opinions of Persian Gulf Countries is very important for Islamic Republic of Iran; since, on the one hand, there are extensive cultural relations between the nations of this region, and on the other hand, foreign and hostile media in the direction of Iranophobia have presented a black image of Iran to the public opinion in this region. Based on the pivotal position of IRIB World Service in the field of media diplomacy, this question is arised that what are the capacities of national media to improve the public opinions of the Persian Gulf region about Iran’s position. Therefore, in this research, we try to study the capacities of national media to promote the level of media diplomacy of Islamic Republic of Iran in this region by using a semi-structured interview with twelve media, political and cultural experts of the Persian Gulf. The number of interviewees is based on targeted sampling method and theoretical data saturation. The findings indicate that the IRIB World Service has the capacity to take measures such as forming joint media assemblies, strengthening content production based on the tastes of the Persian Gulf audience, providing media training and effective communication with Iranians living in the Persian Gulf countries to take more steps to promote media diplomacy and ensure the national interests of the country.

Interviews with executives from different countries are one of the strategies of the American media to challenge the policies of those countries in the global and domestic arenas. The present study aims to clarify the layers of hidden meanings in the texts of the interview questions of American television channels with Dr. Hassan Rouhani as President of Iran. The question is what are the discourse approaches of American television channels in this regard? Accordingly, eight full transcripts of interviews posed to President of Iran in the Eleventh and Twelfth Governments by the three channels CNN, NBC, and PBS were formulated and detailed based on discourse analysis of Lacla and Mouffe's. The result shows that the governing ideology of the American media under study, move towards a new articulation of discourse signs by de-articulating the discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran domestically and internationally. In order to achieve this goal, these networks have used various types of techniques and created dualistic and hostile dualities. Efforts to legitimize the Zionist regime; Inducing a rift between officials and the people in Iran's internal affairs; Iran's support for Bashar al-Assad; The induction of the US superpower and Iran's need to build better relations with the United States and Iran's nuclear activities were identified as central implications of the main topics covered in the interviews.