نشریه پژوهش های جامعه شناسی معاصر
سال نهم شماره 17 (پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Gender is one of the most important human identity aspects that has always been paid attention by sociologists. Any kind of disorder in the sexual order makes persons confused. The aim of this research is to do a phenomenological study of the lived experience of the transsexuals in Mashhad. In the current research, phenomenological method and qualitative approach have been used and the statistical population of this research is all transgender people in Mashhad. In this research, the purposive and snowball sampling methods have been simultaneously used. In the current study, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with 10 transsexuals, in order to gather the data. The research findings show that the main problem of transsexuals is the liminal situation. This condition has led to "gender trouble" in them and are often in transition stage or "waiting room" to change gender suspend. The liminal situation them have faced with various problems, which are identified in seven main themes. These themes such as: Problems of "psychological", "social", "economic", "cultural", "govermental", "religious" and "family". Although all of society's efforts are toward subjection and interpellation individuals as sexal subjects, but they are, through resistance and parodic((humor, humiliation, cross- dress ), in demythologize of gender boundaries.

Domestic violence is a deliberate behavior and a kind of incorrect projection of inner feelings that anybody in different conditions and situations may commit. Violent behaviors, especially in house, always have victims who prefer silence and tolerating violent conditions for some reasons. This research aims to analyze causes and their consequences among domestic violence victims in Tazehabad and Javanroud after the earthquake of 2019. Research's method is grounded theory and its required data has been achieved via semi-structured interview with 15 contributors who have experienced domestic violence. Contributors were selected purposefully and their number determined by reaching saturation level. 298 concept, 39 subcategory and 14main category, were extracted among 468 raw data. Finally, Pivotal concept of "family incompatibility" were selected as main phenomenon which contains other categories. Results of research showed that the most important causes of domestic violence in contributors is dissatisfaction of comparison, negative relations and pathological aggression. Interferer conditions include violence caused by relative deprivation feeling and male repression. Contributors' strategy was struggle and revenge or seclusion that its consequences was rupture in normal family relations and negative psychological and communicational effects.

Marital infidelity as one of the silent social ills has penetrated into the fabric of today's lives, so the search for the formation of this cultural and social problem is undeniable. The present study seeks to find out with an exploratory and analytical description of the meaning of marital infidelity. What were the grounds and reasons for marital infidelity among married people in Boroujerd? And what are the implications and consequences of this action? Research data were collected through semi-structured interviews and the grounded theory method was used to analyze the data. Using the theoretical and purposeful sampling method, 20 couples who have committed adultery at least once in their lives were interviewed. Findings of the study led to the extraction of causes of marital infidelity (emotional incompatibility and behavioral problems, sexual erosion), contexts (weakness of religious beliefs, hedonistic attitudes and tendencies, age, type of job, length Duration of marriage, the influence of friends, premarital relationships), strategies (blaming spouse, justifying relationship, abusing religion) and its consequences (erosion of family social capital, increasing family problems).

Order, solidarity and social cohesion are important and fundamental issues in society and sociology. Human social life at every stage has been associated with a kind of social solidarity. The multiplicity of theories and researches in this field has increased the need for meta-analysis in order to combine the findings and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses. This research uses qualitative meta-analysis method in order to systematically review the concepts. The main purpose of qualitative meta-analysis of studies in the field of social cohesion and diagnostic study of the status of scientific production of articles on social cohesion and solidarity, analytical summary and also to provide sociological analysis of the importance of social cohesion and social solidarity for social and political planning institutions. For this purpose, 55 Persian articles related to the issue of cohesion and social solidarity were identified in the period 1380-1397. The results show that the lack of a single and agreed definition among researchers has led to multiple definitions based on the orientation of the researcher and his ideology. On the other hand, the multidimensional and multilevel nature of coherence has led to different levels of analysis of the subject and sometimes reductionism by researchers.

Spouse child is a social-cultural phenomenon that affects the lives of girls in some parts of the country and leads to many personal and social problems. So,The purpose of this study was to investigate the marital experiences of child marriage women in Sirjan city of Kerman. The research method is foundation Data Theory and the purposeful sampling method. In-depth interviews were conducted with 20 women through the snowball method. The text of the interviews was analyzed using theoretical coding analysis. The findings of the study, which are derived from interviews, contain causal conditions (gender stereotypes, non-choice of spouse, lack of awareness), contextual conditions (impotence, passive agency), the intervention conditions (emotional mixing, role weakness, stressful interaction) which he concept of marital powerlessness emerged as the main phenomenon. The results show that marriage at an early age exposes women to powerlessness in personal and interactive marital relationships. Their strategy to the problem of powerlessness comes in the form of secrecy, divorce, adaptation and forced silence. Consequences include marital dissatisfaction, life dissatisfaction, frustration, social isolation, and emotional divorce.

Involuntary job loss or inability to get a job is associated with countless problems for the individual, families and society. The experience of unemployment can vary depending on the institutional context of each society. The purpose of this study is to explore the consequences of unemployment on young people and has been done with a qualitative approach and descriptive phenomenological method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 19 unemployed men and women aged 20-34 in Kermanshah. The sampling methods are purposive and snowball. In this study, unemployment experiences were identified in five main themes; psychological stress, loss of individual and social identity, financial problems, weakening of family roles and erosion of social capital. The findings show that unemployment is the most important source of stress and anxiety. Unemployment-related financial constraints have overshadowed marriage and childbearing decisions, marital relationships, social interactions, and the quality of life of young people. The shared experience of the respondents in this study showed that not having a job is more than an inability to earn a living. Unemployed people lose not only their jobs, but also many aspects of individual and social identity. They consider their position in the family and social system to be weakened. Therefore In addition to macroeconomic policies, it is important to adopt regulations related to unemployment insurance, provide the necessary training to empower people and job search skills, free or inexpensive technical training and skills to guide people to self-employment activities.

Sport for all is considered one of the human development indexes in society as it promotes life expectancy through residents’ well-being. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), sport for all is defined as activities available for all individuals with the minimum cost and promote physical and mental health in the community. Elderly are considered among the target groups to advance sport for all. Considering that elderly comprise 6% of total population in Iran, developing the sport for all for this group is a requirement. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between participation in sport for all and quality of life for sixty-year-old men and women in Tehran, using field research and surveys. Here, we stablished a sample size of 400 for both men and women. The data were gathered by a combined questionnaire, i.e. comprised from author’s own made questions and those from a standard questionnaire. Multi-stage clustering method was employed for sampling from the 22 different districts of Tehran, based on the economic information of households and their level of socioeconomic status in these regions. The results of this study confirm the correlation between participation in sport for all variables of mental health, physical health, well-being and esteem. Moreover, elderly men and women's athletic self-efficacy and health-oriented lifestyle showed a correlation with the quality of life of the elderly.

Consumerism and targeting welfare and material assets is one of the most serious issues in society. In addition to economic factors and effects, consumerism also has cultural and social causes and consequences. In a society where the slogan of shopping and consumption is more prevalent, consumerism will not be a necessity but as a means of distinguishing and as a symbol of social status. The current research has addressed the sociological determinants of consumer behavior by describing the types of consumption patterns among the citizens of Urmia. A researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection and its validity was estimated through face validity. The statistical population consisted of the citizens of Urmia who were selected by Cochran formula and 386 people were selected by stratified random sampling. The findings of the study show that functional or need-based consumption styles have the highest frequency compared to other consumption styles. Consumption style had a significant relationship with the variables of age, gender, individualism, media consumption and influence of others which explained about 29% of the variance of Urmia citizens' consumption style, but religiosity, legalism and cultural agreement didn, t have a significant relationship with consumption style.

The purpose of this study was to express of Students' experiences of using virtual social networks in terms of usefulness. The research method was qualitative of phenomenological type. The statistical population of this study was student users of virtual social networks at the University of Razi Kermanshah. To determine the sample size because of the adequacy of the data, sampling to saturation stage and purposeful sampling method was used. Finally, the sample size reached 21 by considering the saturation. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed by open, axial and selective coding. The findings revealed 98 initial conceptual propositions with 12 sub categories and 2 propositions of the main categories and the relationships between them were presented in the form of a structural pattern. The results showed that students had a lot of positive and negative experiences in interacting with virtual social networks. A review of student’s experiences can adequately recognize the benefits and disadvantages of using virtual social networks and, consequently, planning to make good use of these networks Leads.

The importance of consumption is often underestimated among social theorists. The first step in the study of consumption is the study of shopping, and the motivation of shopping is the first step of the study of shopping. On the other hand, in recent years, with the growth of chain stores, we are witnessing changes in shopping motivations and different behaviors of consumers and society in the face of these types of stores, which has been the basis of this study. Identifying the shopping motivations that shape different types of shopping trips and identifying different shopping destinations that are different store formats is important for academics and retailers. The aim of this study is the lived experience of shoppers of FMCG regarding shopping motivations, which has been examined by the phenomenological method and using participant observation and in-depth interviews. Ten accompanying shoppers and fourteen interviews were conducted to collect data and then the data was analyzed with MAXQDA2018 software. Based on the analysis, 9 main themes were identified in 3 groups of product-related, store-related, and hedonic motivations. Topics include product selection, product quality, utilitarian, store service, convenience, store environment, shopping value, self-gratifications, and role-play. Based on the findings, store-related motivations, as well as hedonic incentives, are very important and vital for GMCG goods, and special attention should be paid to them.

Our life in the present age is such that we simultaneously experience the two worlds "local and global" and understand its occurrence with the social process and the growing globalization. According to the concept of globalization and using the theories of Ronald Robertson and Manuel Castells, its relationship with the social development of Arak has been studied. This research was conducted by using a quantitative survey method and using a questionnaire technique containing 24 items, by sampling method with a sample size of 384 people. Findings from data analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between globalization and social development in Arak. Also between globalization and development ethics, social justice and social solidarity and a significant relationship between globalization and social security and quality Life was not evaluated positively.

The term "nomadic traders" is used to describe the nature of the economic activities of the Borujenis living in Izeh. In their trade relations with the Bakhtiaris, this group of Borujeni merchants, as nomadic tribes, acted in a way that established them in the city of Izeh. The purpose of this study is to understand the economic behavior of Izeh residents as a strategy. The research method in this qualitative article was the study population of Bakhtiari and Borujenians living in Izeh. The sampling method was purposeful and available and the data collection tools included documentary study, interview, and observation. Due to the nature of the ethnographic method in analyzing and concluding the data, a fat description has been used. The results show that the business strategies of the Borujenis living in Izeh arose from special relations that have been formed throughout history through economic relations with the Bakhtiaris and nomadic culture. These strategies have been a combination of the business spirit of nomadic traders and the principle of loyalty in the economic relations of the Bakhtiari tribes of Izeh, which in this research, have been named as 8 business strategies. These strategies include relocation and migration with nomadic tribes, selling credit as a principle of inheritance passed down from fathers to children, strategy of dividing the Bakhtiari region among themselves, passing on a deal, buying half of the land from the Bakhtiari dynasty, not leaving the market, innovation and change. In business methods, consistency and continuity in business and non-haste.