نشریه پژوهش های جغرافیای سیاسی
سال چهارم شماره 4 (پیاپی 16، زمستان 1398)

State borders are the signifiers of territory as one of the four factors constituting the concept of state. The claim of territorial separation and boundaries is based on the principle of self-determination, the outcome of which is to determine the boundaries of a state, and to distinguish a people from others. Nationalists, with the acceptance of the territorial government, emphasize the role of ethnicity and culture in the delimitation of national units, while universalists rely on the common humanity, according to which the entire human society is considered as a unified entity. The emphasis on universal humanism is a major challenge facing nationalists, who emphasis on national borderlines and states separations. This research focuses on the normative justification of territorial boundaries in terms of nationalism as it is theorized by Herder. The question of the present research is that, on what normative grounds, nationalism attempts to justify territorial delineations, distinguishing peoples in the form of nations? The hypothesis is that Herder’s nationalism justifies national borders on the basis provided by Romantics. Findings of the research show that from the perspective of this school of thought, uniqueness of cultural identities justifies the existence of nation-states as the basic political units in human society.

There has been obvious and hidden effort to overcome the space in the context of individual and group scans. Space and space are conceptualized with the social, political, economic and natural processes that their long-term diversity and long-term integration play a fundamental role in the direction and meaning of the efforts and manners of the people living in it. The context has provided them with a sense of belonging and life sustainability. Inside the interior of nature are intrinsically powerful. Elections are firmly established as one of the individual power-building processes or political currents with the elements and processes of the spacecraft. Meanwhile, environmental perception, along with the sense of people's place of belonging, plays a significant role in their voting behavior. The province of Bojnourd in the northern Khorasan province is the domain of various cultures (linguistic and religious). The present paper relies on the hypothesis that identity identities (linguistic and religious) in the form of spatial identities are the most fundamental factor in shaping the model of voting space in this electoral domain. The methodology governing the text is a descriptive- An analysis has been carried out and the statistics and information required for research have been collected by a library method. The result of the research showed that the rise of the element of identity and location of the locals of the province has been selected at least in all courses by at least one candidate for the Kurdish language.

The rise of China as a major power in the international system has led it to act relatively differently in its foreign policy than in the past. China's most important behaviour can be expressed in the form of the Belt and Road initiative. This initiative helped China to avoid Slowly avoid facing the United States in East Asia and also boosted Beijing's growth. The Belt and Road initiative includes a number of projects, mainly leading to a greater focus of Beijing on the country's western geographical areas. Pakistan, located on the shores of the Indian Ocean and the Arabian Sea, has a critical role in China's new foreign policies due to its geographical location. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, launched in 2015, clearly demonstrates the importance and position of Pakistan and the growing relationship between the two countries. This article seeks to examine the role of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor from the perspective of China's new position in the international system through analytical-explanatory methods and relying on library resources. The results show that the most important benefits of the corridor for China, which can advance China's foreign policy in the current context of the international system, can be expressed in terms of the role of the economic corridor as a clear symbol of cross-border presence. China stressed the need to play the role of major world power, gain economic benefits and strengthen China's sphere of influence from geo-economics to geostrategic, help alleviate China's security concerns, and ultimately advance China's new economic model.

After the four decades, the Islamic Republic of Iran has used political and economic models that has left special influences in the geographical space of Iran according to the political thought embedded in it. However, the common point of all spatial patterns in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been activism within a completely centralized pattern. The increasing concentration of affairs in centralized political-spatial units causes shortcomings and inadequacies that disrupt the spatial distribution of justice and development at the same time; Because the political-spatial units that make up countries have a different and heterogeneous set of natural-human elements and factors. Hence, the issue of the form and process of spatial distribution of power in such units has always been a fundamental concern of geographers. Iran, as a political-spatial unit, has also struggled with the functional patterns of power distribution. In this regard, the present study with a descriptive-analytical method has investigated the feasibility of using the semi-centralized model of local government for the optimal distribution of power within the judiciary and security in Iran. The results show that by doubling the spatial distribution of power in Iran into two parts of local affairs and governance, a logical framework for the application of each of these two parts emerges. In judicial affairs, organizations such as the Registry of Deeds and Property, the Organization of Prisons and Security-Training Measures, the Center for Dispute Resolution Councils, and the Forensic Medicine Organization have an increasing capacity to delegate to local governments due to their service-welfare nature. In the field of security, the categories and organizations in the police force, such as the Passport Office, the Public Service Organization, categories of the Preventive Police and the Traffic Police, due to the preventive nature and services can be Delegate local affairs representatives.

Geography of elections has a new approach to election category and investigates the spatial dimensions of elections.one of the most important causes on political behavioral pattern of people in elections, is neighborhood phenomenon and birth and tribal tendencies. Investigate of spatial vote base for candidates at eleventh election of Islamic Consultative Assembly, clear that, resident's votes and voters in Gachsaran and Basht constituency ,more than that,Macro Level Function and in favor fundamentalists and reformists spectrum,spatial identities and same action of spatial residents and also traditional social groups such as clan and tribes, has an unavoidable role in origin of residents vote and because of this, political action of people and societies is function of environmental perception and also, understanding their own interests. Because of this, there is a question that, what is relationship between birth and tribal tendencies and elections in Gachsaran and Basht constituency? To express research hypothesis , it seems, there is a meaningful relationship between birth and tribal tendency varieties and Islamic Consultative Assembly elections.Method of current research is based on analytical description and method of gathering information is based on documentary and field study.Based on results of this research findings, most important and strongest causes on votes of election candidates in Gachsaran and Basht constituency,is neighborhood varieties and birth and tribal tendencies.