نشریه توسعه محلی (روستایی - شهری)
سال دوازدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 23، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

The Purpose of this paper was to identify livelihood strategies of agricultural water well operators in South Khorasan province. The statistical population of this research was all well operators (N=41232) and sample size using Cochran formula 237 well operators were estimated. The research tool was check list and questionnaires. Drought data was collected from the website of the Meteorological Organization. Survey data were analyzed using SPSS24 software and meteorological data were analyzed using DIPP software. The results showed that there are three strategies among well operators: direct dependent, indirect dependent and non-dependent on agricultural water. In the first strategy, the operators are more than the other two groups in terms of the average variables of age and history of agricultural activity, and also in terms of the two variables, the share of owned agricultural water and the number of participation in the training class are less than the other two groups. Also, agricultural water well operators with indirect dependent livelihood strategy in terms of average age, water well operation history and agricultural experience are between the other two groups. Also, the results of correlation test showed that there is a positive relationship between agricultural water well operation history, agricultural experiences, participation in training classes, the number of water hours owned by the operator, agricultural water availability, drought severity and drought duration with livelihood diversity index.

One of the concepts used in the immigration literature to analyze migration flows and patterns is the concept of network. The purpose of this article is to investigate the role and effectiveness of different types of networks in the retention of migrants in Assaluyeh and Kangan. The present study is a descriptive, survey research study that uses a structured questionnaire to collect data. The sample size was 654. The results showed that kinship, family and friendship networks have a significant impact on the movement of immigrants to the destination community and their impact decreases over time after migration. These networks are effective in shaping subsequent migration flows, but will be less effective in determining the shelf life of migrants, especially migrants such as labor migrants who are exposed to new environments, conditions, and relationships. The results indicate that, among the pre-migration networks, the family network and, among the post-migration networks, the intra- and inter-organizational networks have significant effects on migrants’ staying. Also, the size of post-migration networks has a more significant effect on staying, i.e. migrants with a larger networks stay longer in the destination. In general, social networks should play an important role in the residential stability of labor migrants in the South Pars industrial zone. According to the results of the research, optimizing the destination in terms of welfare facilities, providing health and medical facilities, optimizing organizational housing will affect the stay of immigrants in industrial areas.

The purpose of present research was to recognition of universities social participation strategies with Local Communities in Semnan province and university of Semnan. Research method was mixed (quantitative and qualitative). Qualitative part was based on Grounded theory which its process administered through three stages of open, axial and selective coding using deep interview with experts. For this purpose, through purposeful sampling and theoretical saturation, semi – structured interview was administered with 13university internal stakeholders and 16 external stakeholders who were familiar with university social participation. Qualitative part is based on affirmative factor analysis which 385 person were selected as sample size. Finding from data analysis revealed 20 concepts and functions that through filtration and repetitive issues, 20 saturated concepts were recognized which are categorized in 10 items in a paradigmatic model of research showing strategic university social participation factors including:  developing university mission based on local community needs, scientific work shop and conferences, participatory research contracts, employment of local human resources, establishing local participation, building non – governmental communities and corporations, directing teaching and research toward solving Semnan problems, supervising research activities, comprehensive studies in the field of minerals, staring work shop for farmers, study graduates employment, start and developing new fields of study based on province and region needs, educating citizens about production and separation of domestic disposals, open university social climate for growth and supply of youth, teaching hand crafts to housewife's, especially in rural areas, sensitive programs related to environment, and reviewing educational contents based on community needs. Also, finding of quantitative parts confirm recognized strategies.

The right to the city is defined as a new form of citizenship so that all citizens can control and participate in the production of urban space. Women, as half of the society, do not have the possibility of equal use of urban spaces compared to men, and as a result, gender spaces are formed. According to the gender perspective, the dominance of patriarchal power relations in urban spaces should also be considered so that all residents with different identity differences such as gender; to be able to enjoy their right to participate and the right to own urban spaces. Presence in the female space as an independent variable consists of four dimensions: security, accessibility, mobility, and openness and sound. Women's rights to the city as a dependent variable and motivation as a moderating variable. The statistical sample of the research using the test-based method is 247 people, which includes women over 14 years old who use women-only parks in Isfahan. Data collection is through questionnaires and data analysis, structural equation modeling with smart pls software. The results showed that presence in the women's space affected the right to the city of women and the variables of security and openness, and having a voice in the right to the city of women is also significant. The variable of motivation as a moderator has no moderating role on the causal relationship of presence in the female space to the right to the city of women.

Unlike the traditional lifestyle that was associated with extensive public interactions comparable to those among family members, contemporary life in densely populated cities has witnessed a sharp decline in social interactions among Citizens in general, and neighborhoods in particular. Words of sociopetal and sociofugal for the first time raised by Osmond that some other scientists have commented on that later. The present study was an attempt to detect urban space elements that affect the level of sociopetal in traditional neighborhoods of Rasht. A 50- item questionnaire related to research variables was used for data collection purposes. Confirmatory Factor Analysis and the partial least square method were used within the framework of SPSS and SMART PLS3 software to analyze the data. People living in traditional neighborhoods of Rasht were recognized as population  of the study and residents of Ostadsara, Chelehkhane and Pirsara neighborhoods were considered as samples of the study. Research data were collected from 265 residents of the afore-mentioned neighborhoods. The results showed that social attachment, sociability, Beauty and comeliness, inclusiveness, readability, prediction and creation of social events, and the geometry and dimensions of space can improve the level of sociopetal in Ostadsara, chelekhane and Pirsara neighborhoods in declining order of significance.

Numerous social movements have been emerged in Iran over the past three decades. The aim of this article is to analyse this emergence and diffusion. Constructing a mixed theoretical framework, taken from New Social Movements theory and Framing Alignment theory, and conducting a documentary research, we analyse three main properties of the movements: social conflict, participants, demands. We classified the movements based on their conflicts as well as their inclusiveness in two types; inclusive and exclusive. Urban movements, teachers’ movement, and workers’ movement are exclusive type because they concentrated on their own demands. Reform movement, women movement, student movement, and the 2017 uprising are inclusive ones because they spoke for society and had inclusive demands. The findings show that various conflicts have been the matrix of the movements. They include providing urban services, economic policies, social practices, and the manner of governmentality. The participants in both types have been diverse and come from all parts of the society. Despite diversity, the demands of the movements can be categorised into social justice, improvement of policies, and better governmentality. We concluded that the emergence of the numerous social movements is the result of dissolved social conflicts in different parts of the society. The special properties of the movements, specifically diverse conflicts and participants who come from all parts of the society, shows the appearance of “challenging public” in Iran. The challenging public is a shapeless/ polyshape new force who seeks social change with a specific demand for social justice and equality.

Ecotourism is one of the main tools for environmental, economic and social development and it is one of the essential approaches in the process of achieving sustainable development and preventing the waste of time and capital in the world which it always considered from different perspectives. The purpose of this study is to determine and prioritize rural ecotourism criteria and indicators using the opinion of 44 persons of experts and specialist in this field. In this study, Delphi method used to identify environmental, economic, social and technical criteria and indicators in rural ecotourism. Also Entropy and TOPSIS multi-criteria decision-making technique have been used to calculate their weight and prioritize, respectively. Analysis of the findings of this study using the Delphi method has identified and customized 54 indicators and 4 criteria from environmental, economic, social and technical aspects for rural ecotourism. The results of weighting the criteria with Entropy technique showed that the environmental, economic, social and technical criteria have allocated weights (0.2501), (0.2726), (0.2496) and (0.2276) respectively. Also, the results of prioritization of criteria with TOPSIS techniques showed that technical and economic criteria have a higher priority compared to other criteria in rural ecotourism. Also the research findings showed that from the environmental, economic, social and technical aspects, indices of green space, forest, pasture and etc..; the prosperity of the rural economy with the development and prosperity of local rural markets; architectural style and handicrafts, type of clothing and food cover and the existence of places and religious historical, ancient, pilgrimage places and attractions compared to other indicators get the first priority. The results of studies show that rural ecotourism due to its special capabilities can attract domestic and foreign tourists and environmental, economic and social development in the future. Therefore, it is suggested that more attention be paid to customized rural ecotourism indicators in this study in management programs and the relevant organization to pay attention to these criteria and selected indicators for the implementation of rural ecotourism projects.

The main purpose of this research is sociological study of community-based development plans in order to understand their attributes and requirements. The methodology is qualitative and based on grounded theory that its process has been done in three stages of coding including: open, axial and selective coding. In this regard, using purposive sampling and applying the theoretical saturation criterion, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 25 people, including: Palangan local community members, fish breeders, local informants and employees of institutions related to the fish farming project. The results of data analysis during the three stages of coding indicate the identification of 305 concepts, which with further refinement and elimination of duplicates, finally 276 concepts were created and in the axial coding stage, were classified into 43 categories. These categories in the present study in the form of a paradigm model include: causal conditions(natural and cultural potentials), central category(formation of community-based development), underlying conditions(local community of Palangan, extent, intensity and time period), intervening factors (Educational factors, government factors, institutional factors, economic factors and geographical factors), strategies(economic, policy, research, educational, extension, regulatory, managerial, supportive, health, social and cultural), and consequences(tourism boom, increase the spirit of tolerance, modeling the behavior of tourists, new jobs, rising housing prices, increasing pollution, lifestyle changes, changing consumption styles, social dynamism, reviving some traditions, reducing the desire for traditional jobs, social harms, relative income improvement, Horticulture development and the formation of conflicts of interest) was presented, and in the selective coding stage, with the narrative story, the central category was linked to other categories and the pattern of community-based development emerged.

Half of the world's population now lives in rural and remote areas. Rural communities have fewer health facilities than urban communities and have less access to health care, including limited access to virus testing and health centers. While we have not yet seen a significant negative impact of this problem in rural areas, this growing concern is due to the fact that about 26% of the population of Iran lives in rural areas and has different access to urban communities. Experience health care there. It is important to consider the factors involved in the social resilience of these communities in response to COVID-19 and future infectious diseases. Large and local epidemics alike affect the destiny of nations and the progress of civilization, determine empires, and make infections the actors in the history of human drama. The present study, in terms of applied purpose, has been done in terms of method-survey at the exploratory level and based on the futures research approach. The present study, by implementing the resilience framework, provides a more comprehensive approach to optimizing containment programs and mitigation policies using effective indicators in rural social resilience with a case study of Fahlian village with the approach Provides future research on the prevalence of epidemics. The propulsive forces are determined by the Delphi method, and then these factors are determined based on the degree of importance and uncertainty, prioritization, and the most critical factors, and software (Micmac) is used to write possible scenarios. The results indicate that the variables of poor diet, lack of income, poor health facilities, inactivity, lifestyle, ability to compensate, inflation, inefficient management and poverty, in the village of Fahlian as the most important variables affecting resilience Socially identified in response to the spread of infectious diseases and coronary heart disease.

The notion of good village is a core concept and aim for rural development planning. However, modeling the qualifications of good village in rural settlements, requires investigation and prioritizing the experiences, perceptions and the objective and subjective needs of the local community. This study aims to understand and interpret the characteristics of a good village from the perspectives of local community. In doing so, we examined the case of Varas Village in Hesar Kharvan Rural District, of Alborz county in Qazvin province to answer the leading question of "What is the local community’ perceptions of a good village?". In-depth interviews with the adult participants and the mental imagery and drawing tools with the children and young participants were used to collect data on their insight on the characteristics of good village. The participants' explanation on the drawings and the interviews were recorded and converted to the text. Then, the contents were analyzed and classified in three phases of coding: open coding, axial coding and selective coding. As a result, 69 concepts and 20 main categories were identified and the conceptual framework of the good village from the perspective of the local community was developed. In the discourse of the studied local community, the access to agricultural water in all seasons, participation of the local community in rural development projects, employment opportunity for the villagers, preservation of cultural and natural monuments of the village, satisfaction with local income, nativism, belief in religious values, benefit from a suitable ecological environment, vernacular architecture, welfare facilities for the village, collectivism, benefit from formal skills and knowledge in the village, no conflict between government and people, family foundation, existence of employment development capacities, social solidarity, enjoy physical and mental health, continuity of urban-rural interaction, suitable environment, proper transportation network, were the characteristics of a good village.

This article analyzes some of the challenges of post-disaster reconstruction in the earthquake-stricken areas of Iran’s Kermanshah province. Its focus is on capturing the views of the affected populations as well as the authorities in charge of the reconstruction activities. Notwithstanding a review of the available reports, documents, and secondary data, the study leverages the results of field research carried out between February 2018 and March 2019. The activities included field observations, interviews, and focus group discussions in the selected urban districts and fourteen villages of Sarpol-e Zahab and Solas-e Babajani counties. Findings reveal the existence of a number of shortcomings with regard to coordination and planning informed by previous earthquake experiences. Some of the major issues include deficient communication between the authorities and the beneficiaries, insufficient community participation, lack of an equitable system to manage private donations, and rising beneficiary expectations alongside inadequate attention given to the needs for social, psychological, and economic empowerment. Additional challenges are associated with growing costs of home reconstruction, construction delays, inadequate supervision over the construction activities, rising rental costs, and reluctance to abandon temporary shelters. Dissatisfaction is thus observed among the beneficiaries despite significant public-sector efforts and expenses

Participating in city management, increases citizens perception on affairs about their issues and themselves and helps to create a better society and development . But the participation of real people ( citizens ) and legal people (crafts, guilds, humanism organizations and … ) face a lot of official, historical , social and cultural obstacles in city management . Therefore, this study has been done with the goal to identify obstacles in Tehran’s citizens participation . After a review on sources and developing a conceptual frame about participation in city management, semi-structured interview ( deep ) technic have been used for collecting data and interviewees have been located in 4 groups : former and present members of Islamic City Council if Tehran , Senior managers of Tehran Municipality , members of science committee in public universities and city councils experts . In choosing former and present members of City Council of Tehran , Rey , and Tajrish it has been tried to have equal members of two of the major political orientation: Reformist party and Principlist party . In the choosing of the second group ( former and present Senior managers of Tehran Municipality ) top managers (former mayors, former and present deputies of municipality ) have been interviewed and because they had experience in interacting with Islamic City Council and governmental and public institutions And the third group are people who are members of science committee of city management related fields and have had experience in researches and some had executive experiences and at the end city councils expert that have had the experience to attend committees and council commissions have answered the questions of this study . For choosing the samples, targeted and theoretical sampling technic with the most diversity has been used. Data have been analyzed and coded with qualitative content technique and Maxqda-12 applications. The result of analyzing the qualitative data showed 3 main categories and 7 sub-category as obstacles in participating in city management including the city texture ( urban structure, neighborhood-base weakness ), macro city management challenges ( inefficient management, conflict of interest) , legal-political obstacles ( negative approach to participation, apolitisme, weakness of the law ). Then the result of the study got adapted to the studies similar to this one and they had many similarities. Overall, if conditions for participating are provided, we could see strong presence of urban inhabitants in city management.