مجله اللغه العربیه و آدابها
سال هفدهم شماره 50 (خریف 2021)

Existentialism is a grueling attempt to understand the nature of existence and to reveal the meaning of life through situations and events، a process that demands the importance and value of human individual existence and teaches man how to decide and act on his own. Sartre's philosophy of existentialism is distinguished by its expansion and dissemination،and may be more appropriate for the spirit of the age. This philosophy welcomes the novel and its psychological style، which allows the narrator to use the front of the price on the characters of these novels to delay the issuance of the principle of existence. The value of this philosophy goes back to the many manifestations of anxiety،responsibility،freedom and choice. The novelist Umayyah al-Khamis was able to reflect these effects in the novel Masri al-Gharaniq fi Madan al-Aqeeqah about the character of Mazid al-Hanafi،the protagonist of the novel،at the same time in the context of a diverse cultural and religious current. Through these manifestations، Mazid al-Hanafi sought to give life to a declining philosophy before it disappeared from the cultural scene of the time. With Sartre's analytical approach،we extracted the manifestations of the existentialism of the protagonist of the novel، through which he was able to achieve his existence and identity، and to take care of another and seek him out.The results show that we find these manifestations in the behavior and thoughts of the hero in Mu'tazilite thought Where we can not deny and take the existentialist influence from this thought.

Conceptual metaphor is a window into human beings and abstract concepts, so that it is easy for the audience to understand those intangible concepts, therefore the role of metaphor in individual and social life is undeniable. Proverbs are a mirror of the thoughts, culture and ideas of the users of that language. Animals are tangible items who have a great impact and role in human life, and the names of animals are widely used in Palestinian proverbs. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzes the forms of animals in Palestinian folk proverbs, relying on cognitive semantics, especially conceptual metaphor, to examine the abstract concepts in Palestinian folk proverbs. According to the analyzes and studies carried out on the book "Al-Jami 'Fi Al-Amthal Al-Amiya Al-Palestineh wa Yaleh Al-Kanayat Al-Amiya" by Ismail Al-Yusuf, nearly two thousand proverbs have been studied and recorded. The result of this research indicates that in all the proverbs that have the names of animals, 107 maps were found in it, among which the conceptual metaphor of "lowliness" was the most frequent, followed by the conceptual metaphor of "lowliness and ingratitude", the conceptual metaphor. "Weakness, humiliation and fear" were the most common animals have used the above concepts to warn the audience.

This study aims to uncover the study of the acquisition of conversation skill from the perspective of the emotional filter hypothesis that contains influencing factors, such as motivation, anxiety, and confidence in confidence and analyzes the effect of those factors affecting the acquisition of Arabic language conversation among students of the Department of Arabic Language at the University of Shiraz and reveals the relationship between the filter of affective and achievement Learn this skill. The study followed the descriptive approach, because it is more appropriate to the subject of the research, by applying a questionnaire on the phenomenon of studying the acquisition of speaking skill from the perspective of the emotional filter hypothesis, on 33 samples of students of the Department of Arabic Language at the University of Shiraz, and it was analyzed using the SPSS program. The study used the Pearson correlation coefficient to find out the relationship between the emotional filter of students and the achievement of Arabic language learning on the skill of conversation. Based on the results of this study, according to Pearson's test, that there is a correlation between the acquisition of speaking skill and the emotional filtering. This claim comes down to a high position and is characterized by strength, as the correlation coefficient for Pearson equals %68. The result indicates that motivation and conversation skill are related to each other because students who are more motivated in the skill of conversation increase their educational ability. Also, students who are less motivated, have a lower degree of learning speaking skill. This claim is highly powerful and is due to the amount of Pearson's correlation coefficient of %82 percent. As well as anxiety, for students who escalate in them, the level of speaking skill decreases, and for students who have low anxiety, the level of speaking skill increases. This claim relays high and is powerful, as Pearson's correlation coefficient is equal to %67. And also self-confidence affects the acquisition of the skill of conversation because a person who is confident of himself is more daring in the skill of conversation, without being embarrassed by making mistakes. This is highlighted by the amount of Pearson's correlation coefficient of %45 percent.

Closely set relation between literature and man’s spirit has provided a bed for psychological criticism in culture and literature domain. The function of this kind of criticism is to demonstrate the link between literature, scholar, and the concept of artistic creation. “Carl Gustav Jung” is one of the psychologists who affects in the growth of this kind of criticism and is the owner of the theory of “archetypes” in the psychology world. Jung, in this theory beside the “subjective unconsciousness”, believes in another unconsciousness which is common in all human beings and named it “collective unconsciousness”. He also called the common mental images in collective unconsciousness as “archetypes”. This paper, after extraction and checking the archetypes of the characters of the historical novel “Ala Hamesh al - Sirah” of “Taha Hussein”, has performed a psychological study by descriptive-analytic method. Taha Hussein, in the novel by creation a new style, has rewritten the Islamic history by artistic language, and analyzed the events and characters of Islam advent comprehensively. The approach of the study is to demonstrate that the scholar can specify the spiritual state of his story characters accurately by archetypes which is present in racial memory of human being and is common among all humans; therefore, the reader is attracted to the literary text and discovers reduplicate joy by finding its hidden layers. Consequently, the archetypes of “mask”, “wise man”, and “woman” have sensible display in the novel and are recalled by work of art because the ancient patterns are present in the depth of the writer and the reader mind and therefore the reader is spontaneously excited and communicate with the text bilaterally.

Lexical cohesion, like the most prominent modern linguistic currents, deals with the text by highlighting the interconnectedness of the lexical elements and the role of these interconnected elements in the movement of the text and its development towards the desired goals. This trend helps us delve into the depths of the text and reveal how the lexical elements are organized to produce the text. Because these elements incubate ideas and meanings as they relate to the context. Nahj al-Balaghah, as a ray of the light of the Qur’an, occupied the summit of eloquence with its literary and intellectual richness. It is considered the best field for textual analysis that deserves to be examined. This noble book includes a chapter of the valuable sermons of Imam Ali, peace be upon him, that he gave in various contents following the diversity of discursive purposes. Thus, we chose the 112th sermon of this chapter, which is an ethical sermon charged with interrelated lexical indications, and we analyzed the functions of these indicators in achieving the coherence of the text as a coherent whole by shedding light on the mechanism of repetition (with its complete and partial types, synonymy and repetition of compositional formulas) and the lexical accompaniment (the phenomenon of the approach) based on Analytical. It emerged through our study that the sermon 112 of Nahj al-Balaghah was built on a tightly woven fabric with interrelated lexical relationships according to the context, and that the use of repetition and solidarity of all kinds as mechanisms that prevail over the text plays an effective role in the cohesion of textual units by creating an emphasis on the rotation of the text around it. It also contributes to the production of persuasive discourse through association, assertion, and an analogy between contradictions.

AlSosamtiyeh is a word which is derived from the two words, sound and silence. As a third language, this phenomenon includes all the technical methods available in both phonetic and silent languages. Sosmatiyeh focused more on revealing the unspoken and the hidden parts of it, in order to lead it to the world of utterances through the tunnel of poetic larynx, and in the way it intends. And as a sound has a place in the external world, silence, without disturbing the beauty of language, shakes the strings of sound and shakes its inner peace, so that takes the world of silence and fullness out of the inner cry into the world of embodiment. The purpose of silence is to express the unspoken feelings of a writer. To transmit it to the real world with the help of language skills and freedom of expressions, without being hindered by the obstacles of the outside world, and by considering the technical forms of prose in this field. The conjugated language used various techniques provided by the prose ode, the results of which lead entirely to the tragic conditions in which the poet lived. The current study considered the Divan of "Taabbata Manfa" from the prose ode leader Adnan Al-Sayegh and examined it with two analytical-descriptive methods, in which the beauties of the alliance of the two languages of the spoken and the unspoken are revealed.  With respect to the wideness of the results of the created language and the verities methods there, it puts out of the usual stylistic, such that it even included the idiomatic aspects of the interpretation of the poems, which are the apparent art of the ode forms.  Furthermore, the visual methods, geometric shapes and writing symbols play a significant role in the poems of this court. It not only restricted to the sound and visual aspects of the sentences, but also with this method it created a larynx with several spoken languages in order to accompany the sound in silence and revealed the unwritten one in the poems.