مجله توسعه علوم انسانی
پیاپی 4 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

Iran's humanities have become a huge and wandering mass. The official structures, institutions and university administrations of our country are not able to help make this entity fruitful and in this study, it is discussed as a "critical mass ". The mass wants to express new works but for some reason, this is not possible. As a result, most of the components of this entity inevitably adopt a survival strategy. The research was conducted using interpretive phenomenology on purposive sample of 50 Iranian humanities experts in a variety of specialized clusters. According to the results of the research, our humanities are experiencing inertia and the "Lucas of control" in the people of these fields is often externalized. They play the "victim role" and it can even be said that this creates a traumatic situation. Survival values take away the spirit of action from the new generation of humanities. At the same time, the intrinsic dynamics of critical mass manifest themselves with some meaningful and creative communicative actions in the humanities here and there. Can these be considered a storm before a rain or a rain after a period of drought?
 
A half-silent and half-hidden was explored in the lived experiences of the participants. Meaningful, communicative and creative actions in the humanities are able to enter the flow as moderators and intervention factors or act as triggers. They also can affect the changes of independent variables (i.e. the same rigid structures). It seems that the development of humanities requires the expansion of interactive and intergenerational circles to promote advanced perceptual, communication and social skills. Some practical recommendations for such a large scientific community are listed in particular, by emphasizing the redistribution of opportunities among the younger generation, women and humanities professionals outside the capital.

During the last decades, measurable improvements have occurred in women conditions in Iran. Some of the areas of improvements are: Women’s life expectancy and literacy rate, acceptance at universities, and rise of gender-adjusted index of human development. However, their representation in university management and leadership has not caught up proportionately and has been constantly very low.
 
A longitudinal study has been conducted in three large universities in Iran: Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, and Allameh Tabataba’i Universities. The findings of this cross-sectional research, in 1991, 2001, 2011, and 2021 reveal that during the past three decades, this deficiency has been a continuous trend in our universities. This means that women presence in managerial and leading positions is very low.
 
The article ends up with some suggestions in order to improve women situation in Iran universities.

With the increase of corruption in society, in addition to the negative socio-cultural consequences, the economy is also distorted. Corruption leads to limited productive activities and reduced economic growth by distorting production resources into non-productive activities. Also, corruption limits economic growth by increasing knowledge about corrupt activities and reducing the accumulation of human capital. On the other hand, corruption reduces entrepreneurial incentives by distorting economic resources and increasing the cost of productive activities, and in this way, economic growth is affected by the negative consequences of corruption. A look at indicators such as corruption perception index, natural resources rent share of total GDP, Corruption Control index, Regulatory Quality index, Government Effectiveness index, and Corruption Control rank in Iran's economy indicates the existence of corruption in the economy. In this study, using panel data, the effect of corruption on economic growth in selected countries has been investigated. The results confirm the negative relationship between economic growth and corruption. In other words, countries with higher levels of corruption have lower economic growth.

Behavioral public administration movement is a new endeavor in the evolutionary process of public administration knowledge that can open new horizons for public administration researchers and students. With an emphasis on the "micro" level, behavioral studies can reveal the potential neglect of public administration researchers and theorists and move them from an over-focus on the macro level (socio-political and civic approaches) to a balanced focus between micro, macro and even "middle" levels. Major scientific developments and the emergence of new knowledge in the twentieth century have been the result of interdisciplinary approaches that overlap of different fields has led to the birth of new sciences. Behavioral public administration, as an interdisciplinary field of science, has also been the product of such a transformation. Behavioral public administration is an endeavor for more, deeper and systematic entry of theories of psychology and behavioral science to public administration studies to overcome the current bottlenecks caused by stopping at the macro level. The article was conducted using an analytical, reasoning and theoretical review method and seeks to open a different horizon and perspective in the field of public administration knowledge in particular and social sciences in general.

Recent developments in philosophy of science have lead scholars from unification to causal mechanisms. Process tracing, as a systematically qualitative methodology, is used for both theory testing and theory building. The goal of this paper is to explore mechanism’s philosophy and to explain the process tracing method so that new case studies are conducted, leaving from correlational analysis to causal mechanisms. Accordingly, this essay describes process tracing using step-by-step approach and then some misunderstanding about it is presented.

Today, governments have realized the executive capacity of NGOs and their social impact, and in many countries have developed and supported such organizations. Unlike the past, NGOs today, in addition to social activities, can also operate in economic and commercial activities and generate income and in the form of small and medium businesses to employment for the local community. The purpose of this study is to present a local model of empowerment of NGOs with emphasis on key business factors. This qualitative study was conducted through interviews with 10 managers and experts of non-governmental organizations in Tehran. The interview analysis technique was coded using the grounded theory. Finally, out of a total of 255 open codes, 34 central categories were extracted and categorized into 13 selective categories. These 13 categories are: managerial and macro organizational factors; social and supportive factors; marketing and information; community-based areas; business areas; intra-organizational factors; external factors; electronic empowerment; electronic settings; commercial development of NGOs; media assistances; supportive assistances; fundamental assistances.