مجله توسعه علوم انسانی
پیاپی 8 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

In this paper, the discussion about the civil liability of minors and mental patients has been discussed in the form of a comparative study, with the descriptive-analytical research method. And this central question has been answered that basically, what criteria should be used to measure the harmful behavior of minors and people with mental disorders?. A look at the history of civil liability clearly indicates that the law of civil liability has always been at a dilemma  in answering this question: On the one hand, emotional, moral, fairness and substantive justice issues require the determination or modification of the civil  liability of these people, and on the other hand, the final goal of the law of civil liability, i.e. restoring the previous situation and compensating for unjustified losses, complex personal explorations, mental and psychological explorations encountered with serious doubts!. These doubts have caused the legal systems to choose different points of view in this regard: Some have taken the side of the loser and defended the rule of objective criteria in the law of civil liability. And some people are also inclined towards supporting the minor and the insane and have adopted the subjective criterion of fault; Despite this, it seems that we should choose a middle approach and use the " Relative objectivity " criterion as a criterion for evaluating the behavior of minors and patients with mental disorders and based on this, proposed a more flexible and disciplined interpretation of "conventional behavior" in Articles 951 to 953 of the Civil Code.

In Iran's economy, the continuation of inflation and the government's budget deficit can be seen, but how these two categories are related is worthy of discussion. In the present study, the relationship between budget deficit and inflation in Iran during the years 1991 to 2022 was investigated using the continuous wavelet transform approach. We have also analyzed this relationship regarding the net debt of the government to the central bank, the debt of the government to the central bank and inflation. Our findings indicate a positive and significant effect of inflation on the budget deficit. We have also found a positive and significant effect of inflation on the government's net debt and the government's debt to the central bank in the long term. The obtained results indicate that high inflation in unstable conditions causes an increase in the government's budget deficit. Because the government itself is the biggest consumer, and due to the Olivera-Tanzi effect, government expenses increase immediately with inflation, but government revenues are adjusted with a delay compared to inflation. Therefore, inflation puts pressure on the budget deficit and government debt to the central bank through government spending and increases it.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is simulating human brain by computer systems. It combines computer science and datasets, to enable problem-solving and decision-making capabilities of the human mind. During the last decade, this technology has attracted lots of attention because it has been rapidly developed and applied to so many areas of human activities. It could respond to so many of daily questions efficiently, and also, perform tasks and duties that would require human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, perception and problem-solving. AI technology can process large amount of data and these days is being used across different businesses and industries.                                                                                                                                                                Some of the advantages of AI are: ability to analyze data accurately and rapidly, promoting efficiency and productivity, save time, advise in different activities, such as management, finance, banking, marketing, health, transportation, and security affairs. Of course AI has some disadvantages, such as: job displacements, ethical concerns about people privacy, biased programming, accelerated hacking, terrorism, destroying cyber security, misuse of personal data and biometric information.                                                                                                                           In order to avoid the negative consequences of artificial intelligence, AI should be developed and used in an ethical manner. Different countries and global institutions should try to combine its scientific capacity with ethical norms and principles effectively.

Achieving development is the most important present and future goal for countries, and it is clear today that entrepreneurship is recognized as the main engine driving the development of countries. But, since entrepreneurship encompasses various domains and orientations, and choosing any of them can have specific consequences, determining a development-oriented approach for entrepreneurship programs in schools and the curriculum model for the education system of the country is essential. Therefore, the present research focuses on the development-oriented approach to entrepreneurship and its curriculum model. The research questions include: What is development-oriented entrepreneurship? What is the optimal model of curriculum for development-oriented entrepreneurship? The approach of this study is qualitative to answer the first question"Speculative Essay" is used as a research method and "Review of Documentation" is used as a tool for information gathering. The descriptive-analytical method has been used to answer the second question which is to collect information, The library method and receipt method are used and research sources include written and unwritten works. The research population includes the curriculum of technological entrepreneurship in the formal education systems worldwide, with a targeted focus on the curriculum of technological entrepreneurship in three developed countries (England, the United States, and South Korea) and developing country (Malaysia). The findings of the first part of the research indicate that development-oriented entrepreneurship is technopreneurship, following an approach that cultivates technological wisdom, According to the findings of the second part of the research, the STEM and STEAM models is one of the most popular technopreneurship curriculum models and each of the studied countries follows one of these patterns based on its specific conditions. The current research concludes that schools in the country, by cultivating technological wisdom in their curriculum, can hope to educate a generation of entrepreneurs who will provide the necessary foundations for the development of the country in all its dimensions. But, this requires changes and developments in the macro policies of the education system.

Metaphorization is one of the common strategies in understanding and theorizing phenomena, and despite the widespread use of this method, little research has been done on its methodology. This issue, along with the creative and complex nature of metaphor, has led some to believe that it is not possible to provide a methodical framework for Metaphorization. By analyzing the research done in the field of metaphor and metaphor research, this article tries to provide a methodical and step-by-step framework for conducting metaphor research in the field of organization and management. Based on this, in this article, first by reviewing metaphorical researches, the depth, scope and types of metaphorical research methods are explained, and then, while analyzing the place of metaphoricalization in the process of scientific theorizing, the methodology of metaphoricalization in the field of organization and management in the form of the conventional process of stating the problem and the rationale of the research , the method of setting the research question or questions, data collection, the method of data interpretation and the conclusion will be presented.

In this article William Chittick studys  the book Rawh al-arwah written by Ahmad Samani. Ahmad was a writer in the sixth century and wrote this book in the year 534. More than 600 pages of the book is  known by the title “Rawh al- arwah fi sharh asma al-malik al-fattah” . This book with a Sufi literature is known as a classic feature. The style of the writer is complicated but has a good  musical quality. He emphasizes on the importance of the book in Sufi education, its effect on next generations, the meaning of love and the role of Adam’s incompleteness for gaining the compassion and mercy of God.
Ahmad samani was a member of a well-known family in Marve whose famous book is the reputation of Divine names in Farsi language. The book regularly and precisely explains 74 names of God and  has reflections about moral implications. The writer of the article, William Chitick, also surveys the mystical dimensions of Ahmad and also his Sufi poems. This article also refers to the  difference and similarities between Raw al arwah and Kashf alasrar Meybodi. Because  both of these books refer to divine names, of course, in different writing language .
Generally in this article,  wiliam chitick shows that this book is  a remarkable Persian Sufi work.

Seyyed Jamaluddin Asadabadi is one of the most important and influential personalities of the Islamic world in the contemporary era. The topic of this article is that in Seyyed Jamal's intellectual-cognitive sphere and the foundations of his insight, writing and action, the foundations and theological issues of what kind of philosophy, theory and method, because he was proficient and capable in Islamic sciences, such as words and words, and it is presented in the presentation to be theological issues should take the initial steps with the society and based on the requirements of time and place, and by correctly explaining the theological and religious issues, be a role-player and flow maker in solving social problems and overcoming the decline and backwardness of the Islamic society. In this research, relying on Seyyed Jamal and using the analytical descriptive method, Seyyed Jamal's method of theological foundations has been investigated. Among the findings of this research, it is understood that Seyyed Jamal saw the realm of reason in the field of correct explanation, proof of reasons and defense of Islamic religion and teachings as very broad and defines the relationship between reason and speech in two directions. It means that the intellect shows the theological issues and the science of theology complements and elevates the intellect. Overall Seyyed Jamal is more than a narrator, he is a rationalist and values reason and a high place, but he always considers the realm of reason and its description, and tries to maintain moderation in the process and from principles and frameworks it is rational. And Islamic philosophy has not violate