پژوهشنامه اصلاح گیاهان زراعی
پیاپی 40 (زمستان 1400)

Improper distribution of rainfall and reduced rainfall are major factors in reducing lentil yield per unit area . Therefore, the use of genotypes adapted to adverse environmental conditions can play an important role in increasing yield in such conditions. Awareness of genotype × environment interactions helps breeds to be more accurate in evaluating genotypes and choosing the best genotypes.

This study was conducted during two years (2019-2020 and 2020-2021) in two stations in the cold dry areas of the country (Qeydar Zanjan, Maragheh). The experiment consisted of 17 advanced lentil genotypes along with three control cultivars Kimia, Bilesvar and Senna (20 genotypes in total) which was performed in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications.

The results of combined analysis showed a significant difference in the level of one percent probability for environment, genotype and genotype × environment interaction. The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction effects were 79.5%, 2.25% and 18.23% of total variance, respectively The results of GGE biplot indicate the existence of 42.1% of the total changes related to the first component and 26% of the total changes related to the second component, which together explain 68.1% of the total changes. According to the obtained results, there is a high correlation between E1 and E3 environments and between E2 and E4 environments and they can be introduced as similar environments. In biplot study, genotypes 7 (FLIP2013-29L), 13 (FLIP 2012-262 L) and 11 (FLIP 2012-207L) had higher performance and stability at the same time.

Genotypes 13, 7 and 11 were introduced as high yielding and stable genotypes and can be used to select or recommend a variety.

Rapeseed is one of the most important oilseeds in Iran and the world. Due to Iran's dependence on imports of oilseeds and the existence of suitable conditions for the production of this product, it is necessary to determine stable genotypes in terms of grain yield and recommend the best genotypes for different environmental groups.

In order to study the effect of genotype and environment interaction, 10 rapeseed cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications in five regions including Birjand, Karaj, Kashmar, Sanandaj and Shiraz and evaluated for grain yield in 2018-2019.

The results of combined analysis of grain yield showed that the effect of environment, treatment and genotype × environment interaction were significant. Environment, genotype and genotype × environment interaction accounted for 74, 12 and 14% of the total variance, respectively. Among the locations, the highest grain yield was related to Karaj with an average yield of 6.51 tons per hectare. Among the studied cultivars, the highest grain yield was related to Hyola401 and Okapi cultivars at 5.54 and 5.20 t / ha, respectively. The first and second components of GGE biplot explained 88.8% and 5.9% of grain yield changes, respectively. Simultaneous study of stability and performance base Bioplot method introduced Hyola401 and Opera genotypes as stable, high-performance genotypes. Using a biplot polygon view, six superior genotypes and three mega-environments were identified. Diagrams of relationships between cultivars classified the studied genotypes into two groups. The first group included Zarfam, Likord, Sarigol, Hyola401, Opera and Okapi genotypes and the second group included Hyola308, Modena, Option500 and Modena cultivars. Hyola401 and Opera genotypes In Karaj, Birjand and Sanandaj environments, Zarfam genotype in Kashmar and Okapi genotype in Shiraz were the most desirable genotypes. The Likord genotype had general stability to all environments.

In general, it can be concluded that Hyola401 genotype is more desirable than other genotypes and also Karaj region has a higher average yield among the studied environments.

The genotype × environment (GE) interaction is a major problem in the study of quantitative traits. Genotype × environment interaction makes the performance of genotypes in a wide range of environmental conditions to be assessed. Performance stability is critical to achieving high performance and uniformity over a wide range of environments. The aim of this study was to determine genotypes with public and private compatibility using the AMMI model.

In order to evaluate and select stable varieties of bread wheat with high grain yield, 8 varieties were studied using AMMI model. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications at 2015-2018 in Sari, Gorgan, Aq Qala and Gonbad cities. Each variety was planted in plots with five three-meter lines with a line spacing of 25 cm. At the end of the season, the spikes were harvested and threshed manually from each plot and the weight of the grains was measured by a digital scale and reported in square meters.

The results of analysis of variance of main collectible effects and multiplicative interaction effect (AMMI model) showed a significant difference in the level of 1% probability for environment, variety and interaction of environment variety, indicating different performance of genotypes in different environments. So stability can be examined. The first component was significant at the level of one percent probability the first two components together accounted for 97.04% and the remaining components in the model 2.9% of the total squares explained the interaction effect of the environment variety. According to AMMI1 model, Ascension varieties of Kalateh and Pearl and according to AMMI2 model, Tirganeh varieties of pearl and Kalateh were introduced as high performance and stability lines. Based on the results of Amy Stability Value Index (ASV), Pearl and Ascension varieties were introduced and based on Genotype Selection Index (GSI), Pearl and Tirgan varieties were introduced as stable lines.

Based on the both AMMI1 and AMMI2 model, stability value (ASV) and Genotype Selection Index (GSI) Morvarid and kalate varieties had highest stability and grain yield and  kohdasht, Ghabos and Aftab varieties had the least stability and grain yield.

 Wheat is one of the most important and strategic plants that is important because of nutritional value. The knowledge of genetic control and inheritance of yield components is essential to selecting the best breeding method. Therefore, comprehensive and accurate information about the genetic parameters controlling yield components should be considered in deciding to select the appropriate breeding method to maximum grain yield.

 The seven genotypes, including Alvand, Anfaram9, Chamran2, Back Cross-Roshan, Ofogh, goods and local variety Sorkh-Dane and 21 hybrids from them was studied in a 7 × 7 one-way Diallel designs during 2015-2016.

 Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between genotypes. Griffing's diallel analysis showed that the general and specific combining ability was significant in all traits. The best genotypes were BC-Roshan and Sorkh-Dane and the worst genotypes were Ofogh and Ghods because of general combing ability. BC-Roshan × Chamran2 and Alvand × Ghods were the best hybrids and Ofogh × BC-Roshan, Ofogh × Sorkh-Dane and Anfarm9 × BC-Roshan were the worst hybrids in most traits. Hayman's variance analysis showed that the additive and non-additive component of variance were significant in all of the traits. Based on Hayman's variance analysis, the heterosis (b1 component was significant) and unequal frequency of dominant and recessive alleles (b2 component was significant) were seen in most traits. Based on Hayman's variance analysis, the specific combining ability (b3 component was significant) of all traits was significant and emphasized the results of Griffing analysis. The results of this research indicate that for the introduction of a new variety or varieties in the Southern Khorasan region, it is recommended to use the local variety Sorkh-Dane in crossing in the figure. 

 The present study showed that although the local cultivar Sorkh-Daneh does not have a high economic yield, but it has a high general and specific combining ability in mating with other cultivars. Therefore, it is recommended to use this local cultivar in mating with other cultivars so as not to be forgotten.

bacterial leaf streak of cereals, which is one of the most important diseases of wheat, was reported in 1987 from Kerman province and then from other parts of Iran. In order to prevent significant damage to this important and strategic crop, it is necessary to select or produce a resistant or tolerant cultivar to this disease, from the available wheat cultivars and lines. For this purpose, a number of promising wheat cultivars and lines have been selected and their response to this disease has been evaluated.

In order to screen 37 cultivars and seven promising lines of spring and autumn wheat, for their tolerance to Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa, the causal agent of bacterial leaf streak of cereal, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. Initially, wheat seedlings with two fully expanded leaves were sprayed with a suspension of nine bacterial isolates from three provinces of Zanjan, Hamadan and Lorestan fields, with a concentration of 108 bacteria per ml. Then, their tolerance was evaluated based on the average percentage of leaf contamination. Comparison of means, grouping and ranking of cultivars from the sensitive to the tolerant cultivars were done by Student–Newman–Keuls method.

Based on the results, the response of cultivars and promising lines to this disease was different. Mihan and Pishgam cultivars and promising line S-92-19 were placed in group five (with infection of 50.1 to 75% of leaf area), and were evaluated as "susceptible"; Chamran, Saison, Narin, Bam, Khalil, Parsi, Vee-vak, Shabrang, Chamran 2, Zaree, Morvarid, Aflak, Roshan (winter and spring back-crosses), Arak, Cascogen, Orum, Behrang, Pishtaz, Karkheh cultivars and promising lines N-91-17, S-91-13 and S-92-21 were placed in group four (with infection of 25.1 to 50% of leaf area), and were evaluated as "semi-susceptible"; Neishabour, Ofogh, Mehregan, Gaspard, Bahar, Rakhshan, Sirvan, Sivand, Shush, Sistan, Barat, Gonbad and promising lines S-91-15, N-91-8 and S-92-17 were grouped in group three (with infection of 10.1 to 25% of leaf area), and were evaluated as "semi-tolerant"; and Baharan, Heydari and Dena cultivars were placed in group two (with infection of 5.1 to 10% of leaf surface), and were evaluated as "tolerant".

Although most of the wheat cultivars are susceptible to this disease, but cultivars and lines with good relative resistance are also found among them and can be used for planting and/or in wheat breeding programs.

Study of genotype (G) × environment (E) interaction and identifying of stable and high yielding cultivars are important and essential component of cotton breeding programs dedicated for cultivar development.

Nine new promising cotton genotypes (Gossypium hirsutum L.) along with two commercial cultivars (control) were evaluated in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications at eight locations including Hashemabad, Karkandeh, Darab, Khodafarin, Garmsar, Varamin, Isfahan and Moghan during two crop seasons (2018-2019).

Combined analysis of variance (ANOVA) across environments indicated significant variation among genotypes and G × E interaction for seed cotton yield. Significant G×E variation allowed for subsequent analysis of genotype stability statistics and AMMI analysis. Regarding AMMI analysis, two principle components contributed for 81.0 % of the variation among the G×E interaction. The Varamin and 92-34 genotypes have shown general adaptability with average yield across environments. The Golestan, ANBK and ANB414 were identified as high yielding and the most stable genotypes based on parametric models (Cvi, bi and Xi), AMMI and GGE Biplot models. It was concluded that AMMI biplot clearly facilitate identification of mega-environments and cultivars for specific recommendations.

The results of study indicated that ANB414, ANBK and Golestan could be suited for cultivation across the test environments.

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is one of the unique industrial and commercial crops from Solanaceae family. Chlorine as a micronutrient has positive effects on tobacco leaf quality, but its higher amounts (more than 2 percent of dry weight) reduce the quality of tobacco leaves. A breeding project was designed and implemented to achieve new lines with low chloride accumulation in leaves.

Based on the results of diallel and generation mean analyses, the Basma Seres 31 × SPT 406 combination was selected and the management of segregant populations was continued with pedigree method until reaching to promising lines with low chlorine accumulation. Four lines with the least Cl accumulation were selected from F7 of above mentioned cross combination. The four promising lines (including 11, 37, 38 and 45) together with two commercial tobacco cultivars as controls, Basma Seres 31 and Urmia 205; famous for accumulating high level of Cl in leaf, were evaluated in completely randomized block design with three replications at two locations (Marangalou-e-Bozorgh village /Urmia and Bastam village/Qarezyadin with high soil and irrigation water chloride levels) during 2018 and 2019 growing seasons.

Analysis of variance revealed significant difference among the tobacco lines for Cl accumulation in leaves and dry leaf yield. Based on the first and second years of experiments results, the Cl accumulation ranged from 1.89 -3.20 and 1.79 -3.29 percent and leaf yield ranged from 1388-3574 and 1320-3108 kg/hectare, respectively. Based on the means comparisons, line 45 and line 11 presented least accumulation rate of Cl; 1.79 and 1.99 percent. This rate was 3.30 and 3.20 percent for check cultivars; Basma Seres 31 and Urmia 205. Means comparison of yield revealed that cultivar Urmia 205 and line 11 with 2840 and 2775 kg/hectare dry leaf yield had maximum and line 45 with 1508 kg/hectare had minimum dry leaf yield.

Line 11 with low Cl uptake and high and stable dry leaf yield is the best line among the studied lines and cultivars. Therefore, in the areas under tobacco cultivation in West Azerbaijan where there is high chlorine in soil and irrigation water (more than 1.5 milliequivalents per liter of saturated extract) and the obtained product contains more than 3% chlorine per dry weight and that's why tobacco cultivation is banned; line 11 can be cultivated and thus oriental tobacco cultivation can be maintained and revived in this region.

The compatibility of soybean genotypes in different climates depends on environmental factors, especially the photoperiod. Genotype and genotype by environment (G × E) interaction refers to the difference in the response of genotypes to different environment. Assessing the interaction of genotype × environment improve breeding efficiency programs for wide adaptation and for high seed yield stability.

23 soybean genotypes with two checks (Saba and Amir) were evaluated in a completely randomized block design with three replications in three regions (Gorgan, Sari and Moghan( during 2018-2019. Analysis of variance of seed yield was performed separately for each region and combined analysis for all regions. Univariate linear regression, deviation of regression coefficient, Shukla’s stability variance and Wricke’s ecovalence were used to evaluate the seed yield stability of these genotypes. GGE biplot analysis was used to understand the interaction between genotype and the environment.

The partitioning of (environment + genotype × environment) mean squares showed that  environments differed significantly and were quite  diverse  with  regards  to  their  effects  on  the  performance  of  genotypes. Genotype × environment interaction was also analyzed by GGE biplot. Based on stability parameters and GGE biplot analysis, G18 had higher seed yield, lower Wricke’s ecovalence and Shukla’s stability variance values. Also, the regression coefficient was equal to one and deviation from regression was minimal in G18. Genotypes G16 and G23 were subsequent stable and high yielding. These results were also confirmed by GGE biplot analysis. The simultaneous studying of the effects of genotype and genotype × environment interactions by average tester coordinate (AEC) view of biplot illustrated that G22, G23, G17 are more stable to the tested environments than the other genotypes. G18 and G16 and Amir cultivar are considered as moderate stability. The vector view of GGE biplot indicated Environments were separated into two group groups and genotypes into three groups. G2, G15 and G18 genotypes had the highest seed yield in the first environmental group (Moghan and Gorgan) and G1 genotype had the highest seed yield in Sari region. G9, G13, G10, and G8 genotypes had the lowest average yield in all environments

Genotype G18 (Charleston×Sari) with 3421 Kg.ha-1 seed yield was desirable and stable across the environments and could be suggested in future breeding programs.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is the largest food crop to cover the earth’s surface in the world. Environmental influences are considered as the measurement criteria for genetic stability.  Sensitivity of a crop genotype to the environmental factors gives rise to genotype - Environment Interaction (GEI). Breeders’ objective is to develop varieties that give high productivity under available environmental conditions.

In this study, stability and adaptation of eighteen promised bread wheat lines along with Morvaread and Gonbad as control cultivars, were evaluated in randomized complete block design with three replications at four regions in Gorgan, Gonbad, Sari and Mogan, during two cropping seasons of 2015-2017.  

Combined analysis of variance indicated significant effects of genotypes and year × location × genotype interactions. Significant interaction effects indicated different reactions of genotypes in various locations. Due to the significant effects of this interaction, genotypes × environment interaction effect was evaluated using GGE Biplot stability analysis. Results of Biplot that revealed mean and stability of genotypes, line11stayed on, in the positive direction of axis had the highest grain yield and line 2 stayed on, in the negative direction of axis had the lowest grain yield. This biplot analysis diagnosed of Mega-environment. In base of this study, among of Gorgan, Gonbad and Sari environments had strong positive correlation and genotypes had the same reactions. Mogan had next to zero correlation with three other locations and reaction of genotypes was independent. The results showed the possibility of selecting stable genotypes with high yield compared to experimental controls, which indicates genetic improvement in bread wheat breeding programs in the northern climate of the country.

Consequently, genotypes 11, 13, 7 and 8 with high grain yield and strong stability were selected.

The selection indices are one of the most effective methods for improving complex traits such as yield.

In the current study, 25 genotypes of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) were evaluated to assess the efficiency of different selection indices. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design whit three replications in the Research Farm of Research farm of Khuzestan sugarcane research and training institute, Ahvaz, Iran in 2017.

The Smith-Hazel and Pesek-Baker indices were evaluated based on six traits including Stem height, stem diameter, internode length, sugar purity percentage, sucrose percentage and straw yield Sugarcane. The results of response to selection and relative selection efficiency indicated that the genotypes with higher stem diameter, Stem height and sugar purity percentage had the highest yield potential. The efficiency of selection for yield improvement through selection for stem diameter and stem height traits was highest, so stem diameter and stem height traits could be considered as a suitable selection criterion for improved straw yield in sugarcane. Due to the high correlation coefficients of Smith-Hazel indices 1 and 2 calculated with straw yield and estimation of high indirect selection efficiency through these indices compared to direct selection for straw yield, using these indices can improve yield.

Our results indicated that the Smith-Hazel index had the most selection efficiency and could be used in Sugarcane breeding programs.

The study of genetic improvement and the recognition of traits that have played a role in it are important in assessing the effectiveness of breeding methods used in the past as well as defining new goals in breeding projects in the future. The aim of this study was to estimate the amount of genetic improvement and awareness of the level of variation in barley cultivars that were released in Iran between 1951 and 2013.

This study was conducted in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources during the years 2017 to 2018. The evaluated materials were compromised a sample of 21 barley cultivars released in the period 1951 to 2013 in Iran. In the field section, the cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replications to evaluate plant variables including per plot, plant height, number of spikes, number of seeds per spike, spike length, number of tillers, 1000-seed weight and days to maturity. ISSR markers were used to evaluate the diversity and grouping of cultivars. Initially, 23 ISSR random primers were used, from which seven primers with high polymorphism were selected for final evaluation and marker production.

Analysis of variance revealed significant differences between cultivars for grain yield, grain weight, number of spikes, number of grains per spike, number of tillers, spike length and stem length. Of the studied traits, effects of breeding were considerable and significant for grain yield and tiller number. Cluster analysis of the morphological data by dividing barley cultivars into three groups (released from 2011 onwards), middle (released between 2011 and 1961) and old (released between 1951 to 1961) confirmed the achievement of genetic improvement. The Nei and Shannon indexes for ISSR markers also indicated significant genetic diversity among the studied cultivars. Based on the PIC values, primers 15, 18, and 23 will be useful for identifying parents to produce segregating populations or for marker assisted selection.

Among the studied decades, the cultivars of the seventh decade (2011 to 2013) had the highest grain yield and among them two cultivars Zahak and Nik were the best. The results showed that the average progress of barley cultivars during seven decades of breeding was approximately equal to 3.7 kg per year.

Sunflower is a semi-drought tolerant plant that due to its importance in oil production, the area under cultivation is expanding. But drought stress severely reduces the yield of grain and oil. Therefore, the production and introduction of hybrid cultivars can help increase performance. The first step in the production of hybrid is to identify parents based on their General and Specific combining ability and also to determine the type gene actions.

In order to investigate the combining ability of sunflowers inbred lines under normal conditions and drought stress, a study using 12 sunflower hybrids obtained from the cross of male sterile and tester lines with two controls, Qasem and Shams, in two separate experiments in the form of The design of randomized complete blocks with three replications was performed under two conditions of normal irrigation and drought stress.

The results of combined analysis of variance of the studied treatments under both normal and drought stress conditions showed that drought stress had a significant effect on all studied traits number of seeds per head. The effect of lines for plant height, oil percentage and head diameter and the effect of testers were significant for most traits except number of seeds per head, which shows a significant difference between the general combinability of lines and testers. Also, line 1 and tester 3 in both normal and stress conditions with a negative and significant combinability for the height of the parent plant is suitable to reduce this trait in the cross. In addition, line × tester interaction had a significant effect on most traits except 1000-seed weight and number of seeds. The Line 1 and Tester 1 with significant positive general combining ability (GCA) effects for grain yields were considered as suitable combiners for improving these traits. So that under normal conditions, hybrid No. 13 with grain yield of 5224 kg / ha had the highest grain yield and under stress conditions of hybrid No. 31 with an average of 3544.6 kg / ha had the highest grain yield.

The general results of this study show that the important traits of grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield are controlled by the dominance gene action, which can be improved by hybridization and best selection of parents in breeding programs.

Due to the limitation of morphologically distinguishing features that are not dependent on the environment and their Appearance forms, recognition and selection among similar lines for breeders will be associated with problems. Therefore, the use of molecular markers as a complementary method for assessing agronomic properties will be useful in identifying and selecting superior breeding lines. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic differences of advanced soybean breeding lines to select the desired lines and eliminate duplicate lines.

 in Karaj in 2013, 64 F7 generation soybean lines were planted in the greenhouse and at the appropriate time, leaf samples were taken from the seedlings of the lines and DNA samples were extracted. The resulting DNA solution was used for quantification and quality and preparation of appropriate concentration for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by 20 microsatellite markers. After determining the genotype of the lines by polymorphic markers, Scoring genetic bands,  Statistical analysis was performed using genetic data to estimate the genetic diversity indices including the number of observed and effective alleles, heterozygosity and homozygosity percentage, polymorphic information content and Shannon index. Also, for grouping the studied lines, cluster analysis by neighborhood connection method and simple similarity coefficient were used, and analysis by principal coordinates was used to check the accuracy of cluster analysis results.

Based on the results of 20 microsatellite markers used to determine genetic diversity, 14 polymorphic markers showed. A total of 41 alleles were identified for gene loci, with the average number of alleles observed for each gene locus being 2.93 and the average number of effective alleles being 2.36. The range of Shannon (I) index ranged from 0.29 to 1.56 and the range of polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.78 to 0.16. Based on the measured genetic diversity indices, Sat_218 and Sat_117 markers had higher differentiation power. The cluster analysis divided the breeding lines into four groups and eight subgroups. The first three components of the principal coordinate analysis accounted for 36.6% of the total variance of the changes. The three-dimensional diagram divided the breeding lines into four groups, which was compatible relatively well with the clustering resulting from the cluster analysis.

In general, the results of the present study showed that the markers used had acceptable polymorphism and Sat_218 and Sat_117 markers had a higher ability to differentiate between genotypes and reveal allelic diversity. Therefore, molecular markers had the necessary efficiency to evaluate and select superior breeding lines in advanced generations.

The development of strategies to improve the potential of bread wheat and other cereals, the expansion of cultivation or their replacement in dryland fields requires the recognition of the characteristics that each species exhibits for compatibility and greater grain yield. Therefore, yield and its effective factors in dryland wheat and barley cultivars and promising lines of dryland triticale were compared.

Thirteen dryland wheat cultivars, eight dryland barley cultivars and seven promising lines of dryland triticale were compared in randomized complete block designs during 2016-2017 at Torogh Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station in Mashhad and developmental stages, yield and yield components of cultivars and genotypes of cereal species were evaluated.

The developmental stages showed that in terms of number of days to pollination, most barley cultivars had the shortest time, wheat cultivars had intermediate and most triticale lines had the longest time. 1000-seed weight, harvest index and grain yield showed a significant relationship with the number of days to pollination and all three traits decreased with delay in pollination. The results showed that triticale genotypes were superior to other species in terms of plant height and number of seeds per spike. Barley cultivars were absolutely superior to other species in terms of number of spikes per m2, although in terms of traits such as number of grains per m2, thousand grain weight, harvest index and biological yield were superior to other species and wheat cultivars did not show absolute superiority over other species in any of the studied traits. Mahoor barley cultivar showed highest yield with production of 2316 kg. ha-1, and Qaboos cultivar wheat and T1 and T2 triticale genotypes showed the lowest grain yield with production of 921, 995 and 928 kg. ha-1, respectively. Based on the results of this study, the best traits affecting grain yield can be summarized in the potential of producing high biological yield associated with early pollination, thousand grain weight and high harvest index.

Due to similar cropping conditions, improvement of traits such as higher biological yield, higher number of spikes per m2 and number of grains per spike can be considered in breeding programs of dryland wheat genotypes to increase yield potential.

Drought stress is a major constraint for the production and stability of crop yields. Analysis of reproductive traits and their response to drought can be useful to identify drought tolerant rice genotypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological behavior of some rice genotypes under different environmental conditions in the reproductive stage.

This study was conducted in greenhouse of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design in 2018. The experimental factors included rice genotypes (IR64, drought sensitive and Dinorado and Moroberecan, drought tolerant) and drought stress levels (normal irrigation and re-watering).

Analysis of variance of data showed that the effect of genotype, drought stress and genotype × drought stress interaction on studied traits was significantly different, indicating that rice genotypes behave differently under different environmental conditions. Comparison of simple correlation coefficients between different traits of rice genotypes under normal irrigation showed that yield had a positive and significant correlation with tiller number (r = 0.97). However, under drought stress, yield with tiller number (r = -0.66) was negatively correlated with flag leaf length, length and weight of panicle, number of primary and secondary spikelet, number of filled grains in panicle and percentage of panicle fertility percentage were positive and significant had. The results of stepwise regression to justify the variation of yield of rice genotypes based on morphological traits under normal irrigation conditions, tiller number, 100 seed weight and Number of secondary spikelet traits, and in drought stress conditions, the number of filled grains in the panicle and panicle weight as the most important traits explaining variations seed yields. Comparison of path coefficients of yield and yield components showed that in normal irrigation conditions the number of tillers (0.652), however, under drought stress conditions; number of filled grains in panicle (1.513) had the most direct effect on yield. The highest correlation coefficient was observed in the number of filled grains in the panicle with grain yield (r = 0.931) under drought stress.

In general, IR64 genotype (susceptible control), under the influence of drought stress showed a significant decrease in yield and yield components (such as panicle length, panicle weight, number of filled grains in the panicle and percentage of panicle fertility percentage) than tolerant genotypes.

Improving crop yield under drought stress conditions is one of the most important goals of plant breeding. Drought tolerance is usually evaluated by plant yield under low water stress, but due to the influence of other traits under stress conditions, this trait alone cannot indicate drought tolerance of genotypes. Therefore, it is better in breeding programs to identify drought tolerance traits of genotypes and guide programs based on yield and other important physiological and biochemical traits. Determining the values of genetic variance and the additive part and the dominance of genetic variance in controlling traits under both normal and stress conditions is the basis for deciding how to use germplasms in different conditions, which researchers use based on different methods to estimate them. The aim of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters of quantitatively yielding and qualitative traits of sugar beet under drought and normal stress conditions for use in breeding programs.

To determine the genetic parameters of different quantitative and qualitative traits of sugar beet, two series of genotypes full-sib and hybrid (resulting from the meeting of some of full-sibs as paternal lines and two lines SC C2 and SC 261 as maternal lines) were studied under both drought and normal conditions, in Motahari's Research, Karaj in 2017. After testing, different physiological and qualitative traits of genotypes were measured in two environments and finally genetic parameters were calculated.

In full-sib experiment under stress conditions, sodium content, potassium/sodium ratio, nitrogen content, alkalinity coefficient, syrup purity, molasses sugar, leaf area, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root mass ratio, and root/stem ratio had more genetic variance than environmental variance, so they also had higher broad sense heritability. Therefore, due to high genetic variance, these traits can be used in breeding and selection programs. Under normal conditions, the amount of genetic variance was low in all traits and consequently, the general heritability was low. In hybrid experiment under stress conditions for sugar yield traits, sodium content, sodium/potassium ratio, nitrogen content, and leaf area, and normal conditions for sugar yield and sodium/potassium ratio there was high genetic variance and broad-sense heritability was observed above 0.5. Therefore, these traits can be considered for breeding and selection programs. In drought conditions, the highest heritability was related to potassium content 0.77, molasses sugar 0.65, extractable sugar percentage 0.48, syrup purity 0.44, and sodium content and relative water content with 43, respectively. So, these traits were controlled to varying degrees by additive effects. Under normal conditions, pure sugar with 0.4 and sodium with 0.44 showed the highest heritability.

The results showed that the genetic parameters calculated in the stress environment cannot be generalized to the non-stress environment. As a result, studying the genetic characteristics of lines and hybrids under different environments is inevitable so that the estimation of gene function can be more accurate.  In both environments, the narrow-sense heritability of root yield was low but in sugar yield was moderate. So, in improving root yield, hybrid products can be used, and in sugar yield, selection can be used in long and term generations, as well as hybrid production.

Due to abundance of non-living and living stresses in warm region, identification of barley genotypes with high and stable yield is one of the main goals of barley breeding programs in this region.

17 barley promising genotypes along with two check varieties were evaluated in five the Agricultural Research Stations including Ahvaz, Darab, Zabol, Gonbad, and Moghan during two consecutive cropping seasons (2018-2020). GGE biplot analysis was used for identifying the high yielding and stable genotypes across test environments.

Combined analysis of variance for grain yield data indicated a significant effect for locations, genotypes and year × location. Genotype × location and year × location × genotype. Mean comparison showed that G1, G2, G4, G5, G10, G12, G16 and G19 had high yield than other genotypes and can be considered. Grain yield stability of these genotypes were investigated for identifying of high yielding and stable genotypes across test environments. GGE Biplot analysis revealed that the first two components  accounted for 36.76% and 16.68% of the total gain yield variation, respectively. Thus these  two components can be used for explanation of grain yield of genotypes. In this study, two mega-environments were identified in warm regions of Iran. Accordingly, the first mega-environment included of the first and second year of Ahvaz and Zabol. G19 with 5114 kg/h was identified as superior genotype of this environment. The second mega-environment comprised of the the first and second year of Darab and Gonbad. G5 with 5155kg/h was identified as superior genotype of this environment. The first and second year of Moghan was located on the border between two mega environments. G3, G6, G8, G9, G14, G17 and G18 were not placed in none of the mega environments and were not suitable for cultivation in investigated environments. The vector view of ideal genotypes revealed that G4 and G5 are placed close to the ideal genotype, are most desirable than the other genotypes. The vector view of GGE biplot indicated discriminating and representative environments (first and second year of moghan) are good environments for selecting generally adapted genotypes.

In general, results indicated that genotypes G5 and G19 were identified as ideal barley genotypes for warm regions in north and south parts of Iran, respectively.

Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that effects on many agronomic, nutritional, physiological, and biochemical processes of crops.

To assess response of fresh weight, osmolytes, pigment contents, RWC, Na+, and K+ levels in maize cultivars, a factorial experiment based on completely randomize design with three replications under greenhouse conditions at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources-Moghan was carried out. The first factors were six maize cultivars as SC647, TWC647, SC704, SC705, SC706 and SC715, and the second factors were three levels of salinity stress as 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl.

The results indicated that NaCl stress significantly reduced fresh weight, photosynthetic pigment, and RWC, but significantly increased glycine betaine and proline, Na+, and K+ contents. There were significant differences between maize cultivars in terms of fresh weight, osmolytes, pigment contents, RWC, Na+, and K+ levels. The applied salt stress as 100 and 200 mM NaCl reduced fresh weight about 10 and 18 percent, respectively.  Significant correlations were observed between fresh weight and Na+/K+ ratio, and also significant correlations were observed between osmolytes, pigment contents, and Na+, and K+ levels. TWC647 cultivar with high fresh weight, K+, glycine betaine, and proline contents was salt-tolerance.

The results indicated that salt-tolerance maize cultivars via increase osmolytes, and regulation between Na+, and K+ ions can tolerate salinity stress damage in maize plant.

Verticillium wilt disease is one of the most important damaging and limiting factors of cotton cultivation worldwide. This disease reduces the quantity and quality of the product. Due to the economic importance of Verticillium wilt cotton disease, the best way to control this disease is to use tolerant cultivars. This experiment was performed to determine the effect of disease on morphological and physiological characteristics of cotton cultivars in order to identify tolerant genotypes.

The experiment was conducted in 2020 in the greenhouse of Khorasan Razavi Agricultural Education and Natural Resources Research Center (Mashhad Plant Protection Department). Ten commercial Iranian cotton cultivars belonging to Gossypium hirsutum including Varamin, Sahel, Bakhtegan, Khorshid, Armaghan, Mehr, Koker, Khordad, Kashmar and Deltapine were planted in factories in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse. The first factor was cotton cultivars and the second factor was the contamination of cotton cultivars with fungal isolates.

The results of analysis of variance of the measured traits on the studied genotypes showed that the tested cultivars in terms of leaf number, crown diameter, number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll index, disease severity, relative leaf water content and electrolyte leakage membranes were significantly different at the 1% probability level. This difference was not observed in terms of plant height. Comparison of the mean of the above traits (except plant height) in the treatment of contamination levels, indicated that the cotton plants  inoculated with the pathogenic fungus Verticillium wilt compared to control plants (no fungal infection) had lower number of leaves, number of branches , leaf area and crown diameter. Mean comparisons of the above traits were performed between genotypes. Some genotypes can be selected for field experiments in terms of superior study traits. The results of comparing the mean interaction of infection × cultivar for all traits (except plant height) were significant at 1% level. Under the conditions of infection, the highest severity of the disease was related to Varamin and Cocker-handard cultivars. While the lowest severity of the disease was related to Bakhtegan cultivar.

The results showed that Verticillium wilt disease reduces the number of leaves, number of branches, leaf area, crown diameter, chlorophyll index and relative water content. While this disease increases the electrolyte leakage of cell membrane. In this regard, a negative and significant phenotypic correlation was observed between disease severity and number of leaves, branch, crown diameter and chlorophyll index. There was a positive and significant phenotypic correlation between disease severity and membrane electrolyte leakage. Therefore, plants with more leaves, higher chlorophyll index and relative water content and lower electrolyte leakage are more resistant to infection.

This crop has been cultivated in the large parts of the world as one of the most important crops and it is the food crops for more than half of the world’s people (Park et al., 2014). Anatomical features have a significant impact on ecological behaviors, environmental needs and adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. The use of anatomical features of plants in taxonomy dates back to about a century ago (Gilani et al., 2017). Environmental changes such as salinity that reduce the amount of water entering the plant reduces the level of vascular bundles such as woody vessels as a defense mechanism to maintain the plant's water potential (Ghorbani et al., 2011). The aim is to achieve a desirable level of production due to the change in anatomical traits under the influence of genotype treatments, culture methods and hormones and the interactions between them in rice under salinity stress.

This study was performed by split-split plots using randomized complete block design with three replications in Khuzestan province with the aim of determining the best Planting pattern and Hormone Treatment of rice cultivation in two years (2018 and 2019). Three planting pattern (planting drying, planting seedlings, planting direct or common), 16 Hormone Treatment (Control, priming with IAA, priming with SA, priming with SA + IAA, 1 liter IAA in tillering stage, 2 liters IAA in tillering stage, 1 liter SA in tillering stage, 2 liters SA in tillering stage, 2 liters SA + IAA in tillering stage, 4 liters SA + IAA in tillering stage, 1 liter IAA in appearance of panicle, 2 liters IAA in appearance of panicle, 1 liter SA in appearance of panicle, 2 liters SA in appearance of panicle, 2 liters SA + IAA in appearance of panicle and 4 liters SA + IAA in appearance of panicle) on different rice genotypes (on the anatomical features of the surface and the number of vascular bundles of xylem, phloem and air channel) were investigated.

The combined analysis results showed that in addition to the interaction effect of planting method in hormone traits, there was a significant difference (p<0.01). The highest level of vascular groups in seedling cultivation was obtained due to optimal management and priming with auxin and salicylic acid due to the greatest effect on the plant. The highest level of air channel with an average of 290.142 micrometers was obtained in the direct cultivation method with four liters of auxin and salicylic acid with combined per hectare with a concentration of 20 mg/l in the stage of beginning of panicle outbreak and N22 cultivar, which can have a negative effect on vegetative and reproductive growth by increasing header energy. The highest level of phloem and xylem vessel handles was obtained in planting and priming planting conditions with auxin and salicylic acid with an average of 1630.432 and 1061.906 square micrometers in red amber genotypes and N22, which can be increased by increasing the level of water and food transfer Have a positive effect on increasing the vegetative and reproductive growth of rice plant.

The obtained results can be one of the main goals in breeding research and modification of cultivars with higher resistance to salinity conditions under the influence of different hormonal treatments and planting patterns.