نشریه دانش آب و خاک
سال سی و دوم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

In this paper, the discharge coefficient of side slots is simulated for the first time by a modern artificial intelligence technique entitled "Outlier Robust Extreme Learning Machine (ORELM)". To this end, initially, the parameters influencing the discharge coefficient including the ratio of the main channel width to the side slot length (B/L), the ratio of the side slot crest height to the side slot length (W/L), the ratio of the flow depth to the side slot length (Ym/L) and the Froude number (Fr) are detected and five ORELM models (ORELM1 to ORELM5) are developed using these parameters. After that, experimental data are classified into two groups including training (70 percent) and testing (30 percent). Then, the superior model and also the most influencing input parameters are introduced through the conduction of a sensitivity analysis. The superior model (ORELM3) simulates discharge coefficient values in terms of B/L, W/L and Fr. It should be noted that the ORELM3 model forecasts discharge coefficient values with reasonable accuracy. For example, the correlation coefficient (R), the scatter index (SI) and the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSC) index for the ORELM3 model are obtained in the testing mode to be 0.936, 0.049 and 0.852, respectively. Analyzing the simulation results indicated that W/L and Fr are the most effective input parameters for modeling the discharge coefficient. Furthermore, the results of the uncertainty analysis exhibited that the ORELM3 model has an underestimated performance.

Nowadays, global warming and climate change phenomena are considered as the most important threats to water resources and sustainable agricultural development. Due to the limitation of water resources in Iran, population growth and subsequent water demand increase, investigation of the effects of climate change on the water resources systems and agriculture is an important issue. In this study, the effect of climate change on inflow discharges to Jarreh Dam reservoir located in Zard River Basin was investigated. For this purpose, using the performance weighting method, among 20 atmospheric general circulation models (GCM), three models were chosen that were more compatible with historical data (CSIRO-Mk3.6.0, MIROC-ESM and GFDL-ESM2M). Then, precipitation and air temperature values at a height of two meters above the ground in future periods and under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios were estimated. In order to rainfall- runoff simulation and estimating the inflow to the dam reservoir, the IHACRES model was applied and the daily precipitation, temperature and discharges series recorded at the Mashin Hydrometric Station in the period of 1976- 2005 were used to optimize the model parameters. After downscaling and generating the precipitation and temperature series and verifying the accuracy of the IHACRES model, the corresponding inflow discharge to dam reservoir for every climatic scenario was simulated. The results showed that the value of inflow to dam reservoir has decreased under both considered scenarios. The annual average of inflow into Jarreh Dam reservoir will decrease 27 and 40 percent under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively.

For many years, people have been using water as an inexpensive resource, and many do not believe in limiting its consumption. This attitude is problematic and has led to a water crisis. Today, besides the water crisis, we are faced with improper water resources management, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. The increasing demand for water, the limitation of resources, and the principle of sustainability in water management, make it impossible to supply all existing water needs. The increasing use of surface and groundwater resources in Abarkouh Plain as a result of development of agriculture and related industries in this plain has intensified the decline of its aquifer. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a framework that can investigate the optimal allocation of water in this area. The purpose of this research was to study the status of Abarkouh Plain water resources and to evaluate the possible policies in this area. After reviewing the background and identifying the factors, a dynamic model of factors affecting the status of aquifer in Abarkouh Plain and their causal relationships were presented and analyzed through System Dynamics. According to the analysis, agricultural consumption had the greatest threat in the plain. The model was simulated in Vensim and various policies have been tested to improve the status of water resources in Abarkouh plain. The simulation showed that the policy of increasing water price, implementing the plan of fertilizing clouds and decreasing the area under cultivation had a good effect on aquifer balance index and volume.

The products from medicinal plants are directly used for human consumption or used in the formulation of drugs. Therefore, in addition to quantity, their quality is also considered. Water deficit stresses could affect the quality and quantity of the active substance in these plants. It has been reported that the use of Piriformospora indica as an endophytic fungus in some plants reduces the harmful effects of water deficit stress. Probably this fungus will have direct and indirect roles in the production of plant metabolites likely by reducing the adverse effects of water deficit stress. Accordingly, this research was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement with two factors including two levels of P. indica (inoculated and non-inoculated) and soil moisture with three levels of 80-90 %FC (W0, 60-70 %FC (W1) and 40-50 %FC (W2) with four replications. The results showed that inoculation with P. indica increased the measured characteristics of anise compared to the non-fungal treatment. Severe water stress (W2) lead to an increase in shoot dry weight (58.93%), root dry weight (56.25%), seed yield (392.06%), essential oil yield (340.08%), percentage of essential oil (154.55%) and the amount of anethole essential oil (236.85%) in inoculated compared to the non-inoculated plants. In fungal treatment, the essential oil yield and percentage and the amount of anethole had the highest value at the level of moderate stress (W1). In this study, it was found that P. indica increases the medicinal quality of anise essential oil by increasing its anethole amount.

The aim was to evaluate the efficacy of Eisenia fetida soil earthworms in the biological treatment of Lead-contaminated soils in the presence of organic matters. 6 soil samples from zero to 15 cm depth were collected at different distances around the mine and a soil sample (control) was collected from the non-contaminated area. This experiment was investigated as a factorial in the form of a complete randomized block design with first factor of organic fertilizers (cow manure, carrot pulp, vermicompost and control) and the second factor of the presence or absence of earthworms. 12 earthworms weighing between 0.3 and 0.6g were selected for each soil sample (300g). For 42 days, the worms were exposed to lead-contaminated soils with a concentration of 133.19 to 13250 mg/kg. At the end of the experiment, the concentration of lead in soil and earthworms body was measured. Results of this study show that the highest concentration of lead in the body of earthworms was found in all treatments at S3 and S2, which were more polluted than other sampling points to this metal. Soil earthworms have different capacities for absorbing and accumulating lead. The amount of bioaccumulation factor for lead metal at point S7 was greater than one, which was similar to previous studies. A significant increase in the amount of exchange lead (50 mg/kg) was observed in the treatment of cow manure without inoculation with earthworms. While the application of organic fertilizer with earthworm reduced the amount of Lead metal in the carbonate sector.

Due to the limited water resources of the country, water should be allocated to products that have more economic benefits per cubic meter of water. Although this does not mean ignoring other basic and long-term goals such as food security and employment, it is necessary to pay attention to the issue of economic efficiency of water. Moreover, agriculture is the largest industry in Moghan Plain and consequently is the largest water consumer. So, the improvement of the water productivity in this plain can be useful for solving the problem of water shortage. Therefore, agricultural productivity indicators should be taken into account as one of the components of consumption management in utilizing water resources. In this research, recommendations were presented for organizing the crop pattern with assessment of the water productivity for agricultural products in Moghan agro-industry and livestock. The research method in this study includes estimating crop yield, cost of agricultural operations (planting, holding and harvesting), sales revenue, net water demand, gross water demand and calculating water productivity in the production of important crops in Moghan Agro-industry and Livestock Company. Water productivity indicators including produced crop per one cubic meter of water (CPD), gross benefit per one cubic meter of water (BPD), and net benefit per one cubic meter of water (NBPD) were analysed and evaluated in the time period of 2017-2018.

Runoff measurement has always been difficult due to financial and time constraints and severe physical conditions. To cope with these problems, the use of hydrological models is very common, which has been developed today. Better simulation of hydrological processes requires that the input data of hydrological models be able to accurately describe the actual conditions of the catchment area. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of SWAT model in simulation of runoff in Mahabad watershed in West Azarbaijan province. Calibration and validation of the model were performed using the SUFI_2 model. The runoff statistics of three hydrometric stations have been used to calibrate and validate the model. The model was performed using temperature and precipitation data for 17 years (1996-2012). Years (1999-2009) for calibration and years (2010-2012) were considered for model validation. The indicators of p-factor, d-factor, R2 and NS were used to assess the ability of the SWAT model to simulate the runoff of the three stations. The results of these simulations to calibrate the outlet of the basin were 0.70, 0.71, 1.3, 0.84, and0.5,0.48,0.85,0.9, and also the results for the basin entrance) in the calibration phase for were 0.79 , 0.70 , 0.97, 89.9 respectively, and for validation 0.65, 0.62 , 0.78, 0.98 and for the Kuter station at the calibration stage, it was equal to 0.84, 0.68, 1.1, 0.86 and 0.6, 0.65, 0.85, 1 for validation. The overall simulation results showed that the SWAT model could be a suitable tool for runoff simulation.

Dew point temperature is the temperature to which under constant pressure, air becomes saturated with water vapor. The goal of the present research is to evaluate the capability of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN (and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) for estimating the dew point temperature using meteorological parameters in Khoy synoptic station located in northwest of Iran. Used meteorological data were including maximum air temperature (Tmax), minimum air temperature (Tmin), mean air temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), maximum relative humidity (RHmax), minimum relative humidity (RHmin), solar radiation (S), wind speed (W), station atmospheric pressure (Pa), actual vapor pressure (ea) and saturate vapor pressure (es). The mentioned parameters were entered to the used models with various combinations as inputs. To assess the models outputs results, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE) and coefficient of determination (R2) were employed. On the basis of the obtained results, the actual vapor pressure (ea) and minimum temperature (Tmin) were the most effective parameters in estimating dew point temperature. Also, the results showed that two used models have adequate accurate to estimate dew point temperature using meteorological parameters. However, the MARS had better performance than ANN in estimating dew point temperature. In general, among the used models and parameters, the MARS with single input of the actual vapor pressure and RMSE= 0.343ºcMAE= 0.480 ºcو R2 =0.991, results the best estimation for of dew point temperature in the test state.

In this study, a hybrid model was developed in order to approximate the discharge coefficient of side weirs located on converging channels for first time. In other words, the ANFIS network was optimized by means of the Firefly Algorithm (FA). After that, six ANFIS and ANFIS-FA models were defined by input parameters. In addition, in this study, the Monte Carlo simulation was employed to study the modeling accuracy. Furthermore, the k-fold cross validation approach was implemented for validating the modeling results. By analyzing the modeling results, it was concluded that hybrid models are more accurate than ANFIS models. The superior model simulated the discharge coefficient values with reasonable accuracy. For example, the values of R2, MAE and RMSE for the superior model were calculated 0.003, 0.011 and 0.015, respectively. Also, about 98% of the superior model results have an error less than 12%. According to the uncertainty analysis results, the superior model had an overestimated performance. A sensitivity analysis indicated that the flow Froude number at the side weir downstream is the most effective input parameter.

Sandstone and Igneous units have formed fractured rocks aquifers in Almaneh basin at south-west of Marivan city at the western Iran. The aim of this research is to evaluate ground water from quality and quantity views of points. Fractured rock and alluvial deposition has occupied 80.2% and 19.8% of the study area, respectively. After determination of fractured aquifers, relationship between fracture density and streams pattern were investigated. About 76% of total discharge of the springs is draining from fractured rocks and the highest value of mean discharge belongs to gabbro and diorite rocks and the lower value is for alluvial aquifers (with a value of 0.5 and 0.8 L/S, respectively). Specific discharge of the ultrabasic rocks estimated as 2.28 L/SKm2 as the richest aquifer of the area and gabbro to dioritic rocks with 0.86 L/SKm2 value is the poor units from water resources viewpoint. In the northeast and southwest parts of the area, the fracture density is high that coincide with the location of the springs showing the role of tectonics at aquifers recharge. In order to evaluate the hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater some samples were collected and analyzed. It revealed that the type of waters is chloride and sodium -magnesium with an ascending trend of EC, Na and Cl concentration from east to west. GQI index values varies from 90 to 92 means that the water quality is located at the excellent range confirming the results of Scholler diagram.

To date, no research has been done on the role of periphyton in paddy fields, especially on phosphate solubilizing ability of bacteria and fungi isolated from the biofilm. The aim of this study was to investigate the phosphate solubilizing ability and some other plant growth promoting (PGP) traits of bacteria and fungi isolated from the periphyton sampled from 20 paddy fields in Guilan province. In this study, 44 bacterial isolates and 32 fungal isolates capable of solubilizing phosphate were isolated. Among the microbial isolates, effective 10 bacterial isolates and 5 fungal isolates were selected for additional tests. The results showed that bacterial isolates 13B25 and 6B11, with the highest phosphate solubilization, solubilized 354 and 327.3 mg P l-1, respectively. The ability to produce siderophore (based on HD / CD index) by isolate 13B25 and 6B11 was equal to 3.2 and 3.4, respectively, with a significant increase (p < 0.001) compared to other isolates. The production of indole-3-acetic acid by the isolates 13B25 and 6B11 was 175.3 and 205.7 μg ml-1, respectively. Among the fungal isolates, two isolates, 6F11 and 8F12, were the best in PGP traits. The solubilization content of phosphorus by these two fungal isolates was 742 and 818 mg l-1, respectively. The results of molecular identification of effective bacterial isolates showed that 13B25 and 6B11 were most similar to Bacillus cereus and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, respectively. In addition, fungal isolates 6F9 and 8F12 were most similar to Talaromyces minioluteu and Talaromyces stipitatus, respectively.

Given the impact of vegetation on waves and turbulence, which significantly affects beaches, however, the impact of different densities on energy reduction and attenuation has not yet been well understood. In this paper, the effects of different characteristics of vegetation, density, distances and type of arrangement on power reduction and wave damping are investigated. Accordingly, as the density increases (increasing the coverage line and decreasing the distance), more force (62.38% in the most dense state) was obtained from the waves.The rate of absorbed force as drag of vegetation called dimensionless parameter Ft, was augmented by increasing the wave height in both the rectangular and triangular layouts. As the density increases and the number of force coatings increases, the Ft ratio became greater than one. Higher coverage densities result in smaller wave Transmition coefficient and lower wave height. The reduction in wave height is not linearly, its related to vegetation density. As the vegetation density increases from 32 to 66, the wave height decreases by 20% after the cover. According to the achieved diagrams, the difference between altered and non-coverage densities was significant for the highest wave height (wave 12) and was negligible for waves 6 and 9.