نشریه اندیشه معماری
پیاپی 12 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Design thinking 1 is related to disciplines such as architecture, industrial design and art and is also discussed today in the disciplines of engineering and management. Design thinking, as the main tool of designers' creativity, has always been considered as one of the pillars of architecture education and many factors have played a role in strengthening or weakening it. These include: culture, gender, age, parenting styles, school and occupation. One of the factors that can weaken the architectural design thinking is the maladaptive schemas of the mind that have received much attention in recent years and its harms in various areas, especially in the field of relationships and social interactions, have been studied and less Its impact on design thinking and specifically architectural design thinking has been discussed.Research question: In this regard, the question arises: What is the relationship between architectural design thinking and incompatible schemas?Objectives of this research: The purpose of this research is 1) to understand the relationship between architectural design thinking and incompatible schemas 2) to create an introduction to understand the effect of incompatible schemas on architectural design thinking and its possible harms.Research

The research method in the first part is descriptive, which introduces the idea of architectural design and incompatible schemas, and in the second part is an analysis based on logical reasoning that by studying theoretical foundations and analyzing concepts, the relationship between architectural design thinking and schema. Incompatibilities are inferred.The most important findings and conclusions of the research: In this paper, in order to obtain the relationship between architectural design thinking and incompatible schemas, first the nature of architectural design thinking was examined and it was found that architectural design thinking is formed from the interaction of two types of thinking, namely creative thinking and critical thinking. They run the architectural design process in parallel and at the same time. The purpose of architectural design thinking is to create the initial generator of its design and development until the formation of the final product, which can be achieved through the interaction of creative thinking and critical thinking, relying on the designer's memory. The memory of the designer has a dynamic and active structure in architectural design thinking and consists of a complex and intertwined network of mental schemas. The analysis of the characteristics of the primary generator and the classification of the types of schemas showed that mental schemas do not have the same characteristics and some of them are present in architectural design thinking, one of which is the incompatible schema. By identifying the types of maladaptive schemas and their place in architectural design thinking, it was concluded that maladaptive schemas, by disrupting creative thinking and critical thinking, weaken architectural design thinking. In creative thinking, incompatible schemas, by being in the position of basic schemas, due to their rigid structure, prevent the acceptance of new concepts and ideas and reduce the flexibility of the mind, and in critical thinking, by being in the position of benchmark schemas, It will lead to misinterpretation of the problem, errors in evaluating new ideas, and the creation of pseudo-critical thinking.

In any architectural space, one of the most important issues is how to perceive and understand the body of architecture in the minds of the audience. Is it sound that every architectural body creates the same shape and perception of all human beings, or is there an essential difference in this matter? The main question of the research is what was the quality of this perception in the architecture of monuments?Research Question: What is the mechanism of the perceived quality of contemporary monuments? Which of the following components is more important in the quality of perception of contemporary monuments from the perspective of the audience of these works?

 The present study is a descriptive-analytical study that used a survey research design. The statistical population included architecture students of different universities in the country. The stratified random sampling method was used to determine the statistical sample size of Cochran's formula at the level of 0.05. According to the statistical population (1700 people) and the determined coefficients, the statistical sample size was 303 people. To collect data, a closed questionnaire was used. One-way analysis of variance and Pearson r correlation test was used for research analysis. According to the theoretical foundations and literature of the subject, in the present study, three general categories of semantic quality, aesthetic quality, and functional quality can be identified, each of which is divided into sub-components.The

 Regarding the dimension of identity and originality of semantic quality, the findings of the regression model show that the quality of mental aesthetics (0.42) and the quality of performance (0.24) have a considerable effect and causal relationship with the dimension of identity and originality of semantic quality. Regarding the sense of the belonging aspect of semantic quality, the findings of the regression model show that the quality of performance (0.32) and the quality of mental aesthetics (0.27) have the most effective impact and causal relationship with the dimension of sense of belonging to the semantic quality of the building. Regarding the readability dimension of semantic quality, the findings of the regression model show that the quality of objective aesthetics (0.41) and the quality of performance (0.34) have a considerable effect and causal relationship with the readability dimension of the semantic quality of the building. Comparison of the findings shows that the quality of services (ie security, strength, and services provided in the building) has a causal effect on all dimensions of the semantic quality of the building, among which has the most effective impact on the readability dimension of the building. But about the mental and objective aspects, the aesthetic quality of the findings is different. In this way, the quality of existing aesthetics has the most effective impact on the legibility dimension of semantic quality and does not have a significant effect on the aspects of originality and identity of semantic quality. While the mental aspect of aesthetic quality has a considerable impact on the dimension of originality and identity of semantic quality and does not have a significant effect on the readability dimension of semantic quality. Also, the objective aspect of aesthetic quality has no important outcome on the sense of belonging aspect of semantic quality. While the mental aspect of aesthetic quality has a significant and causal effect on the sense of the belonging dimension of semantic quality.

In recent decades, Iranian architecture has experienced a break with its environmental, historical and cultural context. This shift toward mainstream trends in the contemporary world has brought the human aspect of Iranian architecture to its most materialistic embodiment. As a result, architecture has been reduced to its minimal essence as shelter, subsequently, affecting the inhabitants’ mental schemas of residential environments.Research Question: This article seeks to answer the following questions: What mental schemas have helped shape the traditional housing pattern of Maragheh city? And which of the schemas have had the highest impact on shaping this pattern?

The relationship between mental schemas and their external representation (that is, the housing pattern) can be examined through cognitive processes that are rooted in cultural factors. After a review of relevant literature, this paper investigates the role of mental schemas in shaping place patterns. To this end, we identified the different types of behavioral schemas through cognitive processes (perception, cognition, evaluation, emotion, behavior). Then, in the second step, we investigated these schemas through field surveys in the form of questionnaires and interviews with residents of traditional houses, and examined their relationship with traditional housing patterns in Maragheh. Traditional houses in Maragheh can be categorized into four patterns. After analyzing field data, we identified the most effective schemas in the formation of traditional housing in Maragheh.

Our findings indicate that the following schemas have had the highest impact on the formation of the housing pattern in Maragheh in order of arrangement: Context, Emotion, Role, Fact and Concept, Strategy/Procedure and Self/Person. The Context schema with its subcomponents of privacy, nature, hospitality, and personal space received the highest mean score (3.32) as the first factor. The Emotion schema with its subcomponents of happiness and pleasure, belonging, and reactive-emotional content received a mean score of 3.26 as the second factor. The Role schema with its subcomponents of socialization and social bonding, participation, and community life received a mean score of 3.06 as the third factor. The Fact and Concept schema with its subcomponents of association and finding meaning, conceptualization, memories and lessons, operational perception and inferential perception received a mean score of 3.02 as the fourth factor. The Strategy/Procedure schema with its subcomponents of attention, cognitive mapping and decision making received a mean score of 2.85 as the fifth factor. Finally, the Self/Person schema with its subcomponents of identity and independence received the lowest mean score (2.65) as the least important factor in the formation of traditional housing pattern in Maragheh. The ultimate achievement of this research indicates that there is continuity among all schemes in traditional housing patterns. The patterns seem to have been continuous and gradual. In contemporary society, however, schemas are undergoing dramatic changes and corresponding to them, changes occur in effective schemas in spatial patterns. Therefore, in contemporary housing design, it is necessary to adjust spatial solutions to allow for the shift from the current patterns of housing to desirable cultural patterns in contemporary housing with a comprehensive understanding of mental schemas at both levels of common and ideal cultural schemas.

onsidering users' interaction with a space to predict its future function is a key issue in the architectural design process. In this regard, a well-known approach is a scenario-based design. This approach is used in software design, product design, and graphics to predict aspects of the user experience interacting with a system. However, it has no clear application in architectural design. Nevertheless, users often have an uncertain position in the architectural design process. Users are rarely consulted, probably because architects do not have direct access to them and their views. Architects often overlook the diversity and spatial experience of users. When visualizing future users, they use their personal experiences as the main reference.Research Question: This study seeks to answer the following questions: "What components are needed to write a scenario in architectural design?" And "How can a framework be proposed for the scenario-based design process in architecture based on user experience inspired by methods developed in other design disciplines?"

This is a qualitative research that uses a case study. In theoretical discussions, drawing upon documentary research methods, scenario components and the concept of "scenario-based design" in architecture were explained. A series of field studies were then conducted to identify the user experience to develop a scenario-based design framework based on user experience. For this purpose, a non-profit girls' secondary school in Tehran was selected as a case study. Data were collected through participant observation, activities and events, and semi-structured interviews with various school users. For interviews, purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criteria were used. The text of these interviews was then analyzed using quantitative content analysis to extract the influential components in the users' spatial experience. By coding the text of the written interviews, i.e., the school users' narratives of their spatial experience in the building, six main categories were finally obtained. The components were physical-spatial (spatial quality), physical-functional (users' functional requirements), safety, physiological-biological, psychological (individual and social), and cultural-religious (culture and religious ethics). Then, the personal characteristics of the representative of each group of users (including age, gender, profession, needs) were compiled along with the abstract of the narratives of their spatial experience, in the form of a series of sheets called "User Persona Sheet."

The findings showed that scenario-based design in architecture is possible by using various methods in navigating users' spatial experience in existing buildings of the same type, addressing the current and desired functional scenarios of the spaces. In response to Q1, transferring the scenario components in other design disciplines to architectural design, helped identify the components needed for scenario writing in architecture. These were the user, the user's desires, the location, the user's activities, the events, the time period of the activities, the time sequence and the relationship of the activities to the spaces (scenario plot), and the final product (architectural space). The "User Persona" sheets provided us with the information required to take the above steps. Q2 relates to the framework and steps of scenario writing in the architectural design process. The first step involves appointing a representative from each user group and setting up a "user persona sheet" for each of them containing personal details, needs, a brief account of everyday space experiences, and their view of the desired spaces. In the second step, the current function scenarios of the spaces were illustrated in a format similar to a "storyboard." To this end, it was attempted to represent the narrative of a user's typical day-to-day activities along with his or her key explanations in a chronological hierarchy. In the third step, the scenarios of the desired function of spaces were carried out. Here, according to the current function scenarios and the users' views of the desired situation, an idea was developed about the desired future scenarios of the spaces, containing design ideas. So far, everything has been done based on the spatial experiences of users. In buildings such as schools, with management systems, goals, policies, and norms, a "normative scenario" is added to the pre-proposed scenarios. It reflects the norms, rules of behavior, organizational and common goals of all user groups, affecting the architectural spaces.

Architectural design and construction processes have grown a lot from the past to the present day, and the principles of traditional Iranian architecture design that have left overwhelming buildings and responsive to the needs of every user, are forgotten. One of the most effective ways to understand the space structure of traditional space buildings is to understand the special configuration. Due to the importance of educational use in the education of the future makers of each community, many research has been done to present the principles of optimal design and appropriate educational spaces. Extraction of the Iranian Iranian mosque - schools and their design principles give researchers and designers insights in the field of educational space design.Research Question: Can the Qajar mosque -schools in Tehran be extracted and discovered their spatial configuration and structure by using space syntax technique? Which Qajar mosque - schools have the highest and lowest syntax index? Which mosque-school building has the highest number of syntax indices?Article Goals: This study aimed at extracting the mosque-schools of the Qajar period in Tehran and to achieve the spatial structure of the educational spaces of that time. The spatial structure of the buildings can be achieved by using the results obtained from Deep Map software that analyzes indicators in the configuration of buildings. The spatial structure and configuration of the buildings can be achieved by using the results obtained from UCL Depth Map software (integration, control, choice, depth, visual and axial connectivity) that analyzes syntactic indices in the configuration of buildings. With the results of the analysis obtained from Depth Map software, which is provided in graph and number, the lowest and highest amount of syntax indices in spaces is examined. It is possible to compare the values between the buildings under study by output from the analysis of Depth Map software in the form of tables and numbers.

The research method of this article consists of two parts: The first part of the studies in a library based on valid sources available. The second part is data analysis based on the syntactic approach of space using the UCL Depth Map software for extracting the configuration of the mosque-schools of Qajar in Tehran. For this purpose, after the draw of the buildings in AutoCAD software, their DEX file has been entered into the UCL Depth Map Software for analysis.

With the technique of space syntax and the use of UCL Depth Map software, we can find the configuration and space structure of traditional Iranian buildings in which the Qajar Mosque-Schools were selected as examples. The results of the software analysis of this method, which are presented as graphs and numbers, allow the amount of syntactic index in the buildings and these values in the studied buildings have been investigated. According to the findings of this study, the highest amount of "intedration" for the Mirza Musa Mosque-School, was the highest "choice", "depth" and "visual and axial connectivity" for the new Sepahsalar School (shahid motahari). Due to the same amount of "control" index in most buildings, the lowest is stated in the mosque-School of Hakim Bashi (Mirza Mahmoud Wazir).

The application of computational formulas has a major role in the geometry of Iranian architecture in the Timurid era.  What is interesting about the architecture of this period is the use of the ideas of Al’Kashi --a ninth century mathematician-- in measuring, calculating, and formulating the methods of constructing vaults and domes. One of the most important achievement of Ghiaseddin is related to triangulation. It was Mirza Abu Turab Natanzi, a mathematician of the Qajar era, who later dealt with this issue through a geometric method equivalent to Al’Kashi’s algebraic method.Research Question: This research explores whether Al’Kashi has accurately considered computational operations in architecture or his thesis is just a practical and theoretical exercise. We also investigate whether Al’Kashi’s models are precise descriptions of existing vaults and whether the builder has carefully paid attention to Al’Kashi’s recommendations. To address these issues, we aim at discovering the relationships and explain the new computational rules proposed in Al’Kashi’s works.

 The research method is based on logical reasoning through precise mathematical propositions. The analytical tool includes Python programming language to be run in Rhino software, which could link computational rules and the Shape Grammars in Al’Kashi models.  The results of this evaluation are identified in the architectural elements of Goharshad Mosque, which corresponds to Al’Kashi 's presence in the region of Khorasan at the time the mosque was built. Computational exploration of architectural elements requires modeling and physical encoding. The predominant feature of Al’Kashi’s works is approaching architectural elements from a descriptive-analytical perspective. This method involves component-based classification, defining the parameters of the elements, and describing their resulting hierarchy. Therefore, our method is based on modeling in Rhino software. In addition, the Grasshopper extension and Python programming language were used to examine and determine computational relationships, the language of shapes between architectural elements (vault and dome), and Al’Kashi models based on the geometric system of Timurid architecture.  We first investigate how accurately Al’Kashi calculated the coefficients of the vaults; next, by referring to the dimensions and sizes of the vault and dome in the related building, we search for the roots of their geometric system in order to find the numerical correspondence of these ratios in Al’Kashi models.

 The results suggested that Al’Kashi’s calculations and drawings are not merely a practical and theoretical exercise; rather, they have correctly used computational operations to develop architectural elements. Besides, there is a relationship between the computational rules of Al’Kashi models and the geometric system of the vault and dome of Goharshad Mosque. Indeed, Ghavam al-Din Shirazi, the architect of the Timurid court, has appropriately deployed the geometric system and computational rules of his time in the construction of this building. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that the ‘captains of industries’ used to obtain their mathematical and geometric knowledge through dialogue with contemporary intellectuals. Goharshad Mosque showcases the harmony and balance between the geometric and computational system of the Timurid era.

Academic achievement and success of students and related factors is one of the priorities of research in education. One of the basic concepts in children's and adolescents' education is the concept of academic enthusiasm. Students' academic enthusiasm is a variable that is vital to learning to the extent that it is taught as an important factor in learning. Students' enthusiasm for school can affect the quality of their education. One of the effective educational factors in the modern education system is the educational environment that paying attention to its physical components can play a major role in the formation of behavior, including motivation and enthusiasm of students in these environments. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the environmental components affecting students 'academic enthusiasm and to investigate the relationship between the physical components of the educational environment and the components of students' academic enthusiasm in schools.Research question: By using which physical components and which design considerations can the academic enthusiasm of high school students be promoted in educational environments?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of methodology. The statistical population of this study is the first grade high school students in Qazvin, among which 227 students from six schools were selected as the sample population by systematic random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. Which was set in two parts: assessing the quality of the components of the educational environment with 21 items and measuring students' academic enthusiasm with 12 items. This questionnaire was obtained based on a study of research background and a survey of experts, whose face validity was measured by professors in this field and statistical validity was calculated through Cronbach's alpha. The findings were analyzed using SPSS 20 software using Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis.

In the present study, by examining different theories and summarizing and classifying them, knowledge of environmental components affecting students' academic achievement was obtained based on the literature. The results of this stage of the research  showed that environmental components affecting students' academic achievement can be divided into three general categories: "physical components"  "architectural components" and finally "symbolic components". The results show that there is a direct and significant relationship between the components of the educational environment including: physical, architectural and academic enthusiasm components of students including cognitive, motivational and behavioral enthusiasm, the highest amount of which is related to the effect of architectural components and behavioral components with correlation coefficient of 0.764 and also the lowest amount is related to the relationship between symbolic component and emotional component with correlation coefficient of 0.527. The total correlation coefficient between the components of the educational environment and students' academic enthusiasm is 0.779, indicating a strong positive and significant relationship between the research variables. The results of this study confirmed the researches on designing and tailoring the environment on students' learning. According to the research findings, with increasing the quality of environmental components in schools, academic engagement in students also increases.

It is a few decades since lack of semi-open spaces have assumed importance in the housing, driving mankind to revise many conventional procedures in architectural design and construction. The role of semi-open spaces in the modern life is not hidden from anyone. This is the modern world's only chance to make closed spaces connected to the open spaces beyond the walls. In addition to environmental and climatic functions, these spaces play an important role in connecting humans with nature and reducing environmental stress. In order to gain the maximum user-space interaction, semi-open spaces must be design in an optimum level. This level of design take a deep vision about how these spaces work and what people are expect about them. In the body of cities, it has been observed that the semi-open spaces of a building, while having the same physical characteristics, show different dynamics and livability.  The reason for this difference can be finding in the component of interaction. In order to be interactive, the user and his personality traits, in addition to the environment are also involved in this process. Therefore, in the field of design as a pre-occupation process, due to the lack of accurate knowledge of the end user and how he occupies space, it is necessary to predict and optimize the factors which are related to the space as variables which are Available and can relied on. In this regard, this study is investigating factors and their constructive indicators in semi-open spaces which have been able to play a more prominent role in the interaction with the final user.Research Question: What is the relationship between the interaction of the final user and semi-open spaces structure in residential units based on space syntax theory?Which components have major impact on final-user interaction with semi-open spaces?

This research has been done by examining case studies through field study and interview and its data has been analyzed by spatial syntax technique and Space syntax software and data analysis by examining the correlation coefficient by Spss software.

Finally, the results indicate that structural features have more affect than non-structural features in the interaction of semi-open residential spaces. Among these features, the connection index had the most impact on the amount of interactions while the correlation index on the intensity and type of these interactions. The average depth index is also inversely related to both the amount and intensity of interactions.In addition to structural indicators, components such as acquisition method, area, ratio of semi-open space to area, per capita semi-open space have been effective in the interaction of semi-open spaces. The findings of this study also show that if the final user intervenes in the physical features to the extent that it can affect the structural features of the space, his interactions with the semi-open space will be maximized.

The openness of space, visibility and legibility of interior spaces are the most important conditions for the design of commercial buildings, and in this regard, the fluid design of form and space in contemporary architecture is more in line with such use. From the beginning of the twentieth century, the continuity and visual and physical continuity of space occurred in the idea of "promenade architecture" and gradually, with the advancement of technology, it took the path of excellence. Research Question: Research questions about the quality of fluid space in these four buildings are designed and lead to measures of the quality of interior space in the structure of contemporary commercial buildings: What physical elements and spatial structures did each of the four commercial buildings under study use, and how did they use them to create the fluidity of space? What are the differences and similarities between the promenade architecture in these four buildings?

Relying on the importance of addressing this feature in the interaction and shopping functions, the purpose of this study is to assess how this feature appears in the physical elements and structure of contemporary commercial spaces in Iran and in this way emphasizes the factors involved in the promenade architecture idea.

Based on this, the present study investigates the issue in four contemporary commercial centers of Tehran (Arg Tajrish, Charso, Sam Pasdaran and Ava) and compares and critiques the spatial quality in the realization of this principle. It has used the space syntax technique to advance the analysis and drawing and interpreting diagrams and UCL Depthmap and Agraph software. Four promenade architectural features were inferred through a descriptive analytical method by reviewing the research literature. the analysis process after reviewing and selecting the relevant indicators in the space syntax theory, was followed by comparative and logical reasoning. Thus, using the output of indicators such as integration, relative symmetry, depth and connection, Axial analysis and Isovist, the subject of Promenade architecture in four subgroups: "dynamics-continuity-integrity", "axis-end-sequence", "staging-Chain-integrity" and "fluidity-openness-totality" were evaluated in the study buildings.

The results showed that various measures are effective in creating formal / spatial fluidity and words representing the promenade architecture. How these words are expressed in the study buildings reveals differences and similarities that recognizing their positive and negative results will help to correct the function and space design of contemporary designs.

The fact that the production of space in the modern world is dominated by the ruling institutions is one of the most controversial propositions in architectural theories, as urban space control is presented as a political tool to exercise the domination of governments. Space, as a political tool that is materialized through its representations in architecture and urban space, leads to the expansion of power in modern urban life. Lefebvre has addressed this issue through the representations of space in the theory of space creation, and deals with the issue that governments use architecture and urban planning as a tool to control people's actions and thoughts and instill their desired ideologies into them. With regard to this, in this study, which aims to explain how to use architecture to dominate space and induce the desired meanings and concepts of governance, the dominance of governance institutions through representations of space in contemporary Iranian architecture was examined.Research Question: How has the government used architecture as a tool to dominate space? what meanings and concepts has the government sought to instill in people by using architecture?

Accordingly, in this research, which is based on the qualitative research method, data were collected based on the documentary method, field observations, and content analysis. Research findings were obtained. Since the beginning of developments in the field of city and architecture and the formation of new government structures and urban planning in Iran is from the Pahlavi period, the hypothesis of this study is that in the Pahlavi era, due to dictatorial thinking in line with the dictatorship in the world, the government used tools from architecture and urban planning, it seeks to induce its desired concepts and through this, it has dominated the space. Therefore, based on the theoretical foundations of the research, the Pahlavi period was studied.

All developments in the field of architecture and urban planning in the first Pahlavi period, based on modern and non-traditional ideas, were carried out by the government and were in line with political and governmental programs and directly under the supervision of military organizations and the government. Therefore, in this period, we see the focus on political ideas and concepts in the structure of the city and military and civilian buildings. In the second Pahlavi period, this process took place through the development of cities and the construction of functional and memorial buildings. This trend continues in another way in the second Pahlavi period. Therefore, through the analysis of architecture and urban planning of the first Pahlavi period and the case study of the Freedom Monument as a political monument from the second Pahlavi period, the method of domination of space was investigated and the concepts of governance in these two periods were extracted. The results of this study shows This trend was achieved in the first Pahlavi period through archeology and the display of ancient architecture, modeling development models in nineteenth-century European urbanism, and the construction of huge and lofty buildings. And confronting the tradition and instilling a sense of permanence, establishment, stability of the government and Pahlavi military authority. On the other hand, the construction of squares, which was functionally in line with the development of the city, also became a place to show the military power and authority of the government through purposeful naming and the use of tools. In other words, the institutions in power in this way have sought to realize the meanings and concepts considered in the urban spaces and architecture of this period. In the second Pahlavi period, hegemony through art and architecture has purposefully determined which subjects and historical events are worthy of public representation and where they should be placed to have the greatest impact, and in this regard simultaneously with the development and construction of cultural buildings. We are witnessing the construction of monumental buildings in a purposeful way, which has a greater meaning. Using different models of Iranian and modern architecture, in addition to presenting a new definition of modern Iran, it shows the glory of the imperial Iran, the civilization of ancient Iran and the validation of the imperial system and ideologies of government.

Perhaps one of the first human actions in the field of architecture was the landscape of gardening, the stage where humans create artificial green space and eventually lead to today's gardens and parks. Gardening has a long history in different countries. The art of horticulture has existed in countries such as Japan, Iran, England, France and Italy, and in each of these countries, this art has been done in its own ways and methods. Gardening is the art of combining architectural elements, plant elements and water displays. Together, in such a way that the result of the work, according to the climatic conditions, meets the expectations and aspirations of the peopleThe gardens in each city are considered the beating heart of that city; traditional gardens are created not only for recreational purposes, but also as a workplace, employment and production. The importance of traditional gardens in a city like Qazvin, which is several thousand years old and are part of the body of this city, are considered as a living part of the city and in coordination with the inanimate part of the city body, structure or texture and appearance of the city Their absence will have a significant impact on the visual values and appearance of the city of Qazvin. In fact, what makes this city one of the other cities that are close to it, is that the people of this land, who lived in the arid land, were able to organize a garden of 6,000 hectares around the city. With an urban structure in the context of urban life and have an environmental function, livelihood and even leisure.Research Question: In this study, considering the importance of protecting traditional gardens, promoting sustainable environmental development and also examining the impact of the role of these gardens on the appearance and landscape of Qazvin, the following questions were asked:1. Can organizing and reviving traditional gardens play a role in improving the quality of urban landscape as well as preserving the environment in Qazvin?2. Is there a significant relationship between the components of sustainable development and the components of landscape quality in the traditional garden of Qazvin?

The main purpose of this study is to organize and revive traditional gardens in order to increase the quality of appearance and urban landscape, as well as environmental protection and sustainable development in Qazvin. And the sub-objectives of this research can be:- Identifying and explaining the effects of preserving traditional gardens on increasing the quality of landscape components and sustainable environmental development in Qazvin- Providing solutions to protect traditional gardens due to increasing population pressures and the tendency of physical development of the city in recent years.Research Method In this comparative study - a case study and in necessary cases the descriptive research method has been used to express quantitative and statistical information. In order to analyze the data and also to find the correlation relationship between the components of sustainable development, appearance and urban landscape, statistical methods, Tukey test in SPSS software, one-sample T and Pearson correlation have been used.

The results of the research indicate that the revitalization of traditional gardens has a fundamental role in improving the quality of appearance and urban landscape, and their protection is also vital in promoting and developing the environmental sustainability of Qazvin.

Buildings have a wide range of impacts on the environment in their life cycle. The negative effects of buildings, such as waste generation and using about 40% of energy resources, have led to take new approaches which One of them is the concept of green building in architecture. Currently, the construction industry in Iran accounts for one third of the country's energy consumption. Therefore, considering the principles of green building design and construction can play an important role in solving energy and reducing environmental problems. Although university education is one of the opportunities to guide and motivate architecture students to apply the principles of green architectural design, currently this issue has received less attention in undergraduate architecture education in Iran. Research question: The main question of this article is seeking to find out the importance of green building criteria in evaluation of design courses in architecture undergraduate course from the perspective of professors.

Therefore, this article aims to investigate the contribution of green building criteria in evaluation of design courses in architecture undergraduate course in Iran from the perspective of professors. Furthermore, this article seeks to determine the best design courses, which are most suitable for teaching green building criteria. Another goal of this article is finding the most effective obstecles in teaching green building criteria in universities of Iran. The mothod of the present study was conducted using descriptive research and statistical analysis. In the first step, the criteria and indicators in LEED and BREEAM systems are extracted as a criterion for measuring green buildings. In the second step, the importance of each criteria in the evaluation of student projects have been conducted using a questionnaire, from professors’ points of view in architecture design courses in different Iranian universities. The proposed method for teaching green architecture standards in design courses in the undergraduate course of architecture and limitations of teaching green architecture in Iranian university were collected. In the third step, the data were analysed using Shannon entropy method.

The findings of the analysis show that the priority of the criteria based on the average weight of the category is as follows one) water efficiency, two) site, three) transportation, four) energy and materials and resources with equal points in the fourth rank, and five) indoor air quality The results of this study show that assigning one of the architectural projects, especially the final design to teaching the principles of green building can be a good way to increase students' awareness of this issue. However, insufficient attention to green architecture in the curriculum and courses of undergraduate design is the most important obstacle to green architecture education and it is necessary to reconsider it revising the course curriculum. In this article, the hierarchy of criteria and indicators is extracted based on the current situation of architecture education in Iran which is not necessarily in line with the real needs of the country. Therefore, it is suggested that in future research, contribution of criteria and indicators of green buildings should be considered based on the real needs of the country to move towards achieving sustainable development goals.