نشریه برنامه ریزی توسعه شهری و منطقه ای
پیاپی 22 (پاییز 1401)

Public interest has always been a controversial concept in spatial planning theories. The controversies over the concept imply a critical disagreement on what public interest is and if it exists at all. These have led to the development of multiple theories, challenging the legitimacy of planning. Despite emphasizing the importance of addressing the question of public interest, this article has not aimed to find an ultimate answer to the question; rather, it has focused on understanding the nature of the disagreements on this concept through the formulation of the different responses to this question. Accordingly, it has put its finger on the various ontological perspectives on the relation between the social and the individual by applying the meta-synthesis method and aimed to understand the trace of these perspectives on the conceptualization of public interest in the twelve most influential traditions on planning theory and practice. These imply the dominance of four approaches to the public interest in spatial planning, including individualism, universalism, pluralism, and critical tradition. In terms of these approaches, the article has addressed three questions: what is the nature of the relation between the social and the individual; what does constitute the public interest; and how does the so-called public interest actualize, especially in spatial planning?

The change in spatial development patterns from agriculture life into industry and then, service sector, and in response, changes in spatial paradigms of settlement and development, has led to concentration of population and resources of development in cities and mega cities. This concentration is followed by contradictions and conflicts in interests and behavior which can be a contextual preparation for crime along with making improvement in higher degrees of quality in life, especially when physical development of the city lacks a comprehensive spatial planning. Thus, this research is aim to study crime patterns and its spatial analysis in urban and pre-urban areas and their application and implications on urban planning. On a descriptive-analytical approach and by applying meta-synthesis, this research investigates prior research articles on related domain. Results show that factors such as population density, social ecology and physical facilities can prepare opportunities for or motivate crime commitment, but different communities respond to such opportunities in different patterns. Comparing results within Iranian cities to other global locations made it clear that the research on patterns of crimes in Iranian cities is distinct from foreign countries’ cities both in form and content. It also implies that research articles held by practitioners of other nationalities are more applicable in subject matters. The results and conclusions of this article can be used by urban planners and managers for formulation and implementing spatial plans and policies especially for high-risk areas.

As a result of the global spread of the COVID-19 virus and its epidemic, various measures were implemented to reduce the number of fatalities and costs incurred in multiple countries. Reducing daily travel and avoiding crowded and closed environments were two more serious suggestions to limit the spread. Both suggestions lowered public transit use. By shifting some business trips from public transit and encouraging residents to use other modes of transportation, returning passengers to public transportation may be tedious and lengthy. In the long term, this backwardness can reduce investment in public transportation systems and their share in urban mobility. Despite the decrease in coronavirus infection, a significant portion of the past demand for public transportation has not returned to this system, as seen by an examination of ticket card transaction data. This study explores the shift in people's work travel habits following the dissemination of COVID-19 by sending an online questionnaire to individuals from various occupations and ages. Examining the results of a sample size of 1050 reveals that, concurrent with the development of Corona, the proportion of business trips made by public transit has been reduced to less than half. This decline is about the same among men and women and between educational categories, but it varies by age group.

From the perspective of urban management, urban law as a general context and urban planning laws and regulations as the main tool of governance in quantitative and qualitative control of urban growth and guide them in the desired direction of development.Under the current circumstances, the main part of urban planning regulations are scattered regulations related to comprehensive and detailed plans that can be defined as "specific urban planning regulations". The lack of upstream frameworks for evaluating and guiding specific urban planning rules and regulations in logical directions has provided the ground for inadvertent error or instrumental misuse of these rules by the planning system and development forces and ultimately diverting the city from its basic goals.This study explains that the idea of ​​"National Urban Planning Regulations" as a macro and multi-layered upstream framework can play this important guiding role. The rules and regulations will be urban planning. These regulations can be called "general regulations" in urban planning.In this study, an attempt has been made to introduce the conceptual roots of the "National Urban Planning Regulations" using macro-method of analysis and combination of components and within the framework of logical reasoning method to introduce a conceptual framework and macro requirements to define a conceptual framework for formulating these regulations. The results of this study show that the four main layers of the value system - value considerations, national-social considerations, legal considerations and urban planning - technical considerations are the main pillars of the framework of national urban regulations.

Every urban development project that is implemented, regardless of its subject, will have effects and consequences. Since these projects are implemented in the context of Iranian-Islamic cities, the rules and norms related to the culture of these cities must be observed in the implementation of these projects. One of the most important norms of Iranian-Islamic cities is to consider Islamic rules and ethics and citizenship rights in urban development projects. The principles and rules that can be observed in less urban projects implemented in Iranian cities In this regard, this research aims to study the position of Islamic rules and ethics and citizenship rights in urban development projects. The method adopted in the present study is descriptive-analytical, which in order to formulate the concepts and formulate the conceptual framework of the research, the method of content analysis of texts and logical reasoning has been used. Also, in this research, the atigh project of Tabriz city, which is one of the largest projects for the renovation of worn-out tissues in the country, has been selected as a study sample. The statistical population of the research also consists of residents, merchants, passers-by and users of the atigh project. Findings show that the atigh project of Tabriz city is at a low level in terms of compliance with the rules of jurisprudence, Islamic ethics and civil rights and has not been able to respond to the examples of these three dimensions of the effects and results of urban development projects.

The need to overcome the phenomenon of urban poverty in Abadan city besides creating sustainable development will not be achieved in the absence of an empowerment approach and without recognition of the opportunities and threats of this path in the future. For marginalized groups, access and control over resources are provided by empowerment. The present research is aimed at identifying the strategic drivers for systematic planning to empower the poverty of inefficient contexts of Abadan city in the Horizon 2041. Given the context of this research and the nature of the data, as well as the horizon considered for planning, the method of this research is the strategic foresight method. The employed techniques and software include cross impact analysis, experts’ opinions, and MICMAC software. In this study, the documentary method, environmental survey, and experts’ opinions are used to collect data and the sample population includes 64 experts (urban managers and experts, and academic elites in the field of urban planning and future research). The variables of economic and social sectors factors have the most impact on the formation system of empowering the poverty of inefficient contexts of Abadan city in the Horizon 2041, and the least impact is related to the physical and managerial dimensions. Strategic drivers include improvement of the human capital of the poor (health, education, and nutrition), formulation of national strategies of urban poverty reduction, institutionalization of social participation, inflation reduction, corruption reduction, and government investment in poverty reduction, besides investment in housing area.