نشریه جغرافیا و مطالعات محیطی
پیاپی 44 (زمستان 1401)

What is considered in this article is to pay attention to the development strategies of the border city of Taybad. Due to its special geopolitical features and the existence of deep cultural and trade ties between Khorasan and Afghanistan and the best way for Central Asian countries to access the high seas through Iran (Bandar Abbas) and access to the market of 13 million Central Asian countries, this city has a position Is privileged. Unfortunately, the resources and potentials of this region, especially the various functions of the border, have not been used properly and optimally, and also the limitations and solutions to address them have not been identified. Therefore, in this research, we seek to find urban development strategies appropriate to the conditions and situation of this border city, so that we can overcome the problems in this city by formulating effective strategies on urban development. In addition to maintaining the political, economic and cultural ties of the border region with the whole country, the considered strategies should be able to provide more freedom to the residents of this border region so that they can enjoy a greater share in the development and progress of central government programs. . Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the development strategies of the border city in the city of Taybad. So the main question of this research is what are the most important factors shaping the development strategy of border cities in Taybad?

The research method is documentary, analytical and survey. Based on the main topic of the research (Urban Development Strategies: Taybad) while reviewing the characteristics of urban development, the data obtained from theoretical studies and research, development and executive plans and documented reports of relevant organizations were reviewed and Basic information was collected and classified. Due to the fact that urban development is a systemic and integrated concept, Demethel technique was used to determine the cause and effect relationships between urban development variables. The purpose of the Demetel technique is to identify the pattern of causal relationships between a set of criteria. This technique scores the intensity of communication in a scoring manner, explores their critical feedback, and accepts non-transferable relationships. The basis of the Demethel method is based on the assumption that a system consists of a set of criteria {C = {c1, c2,… cn and the pairwise comparison of the relations between them can be modeled by mathematical equations. This technique is for constructing and analyzing structural models related to complex causal relationships between the factors of an issue. For this purpose, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was provided to 28 researchers in the fields of urban and political geography, political science and urban management.

The Dimtel technique was introduced by Fontal Gabos in 1971 and is one of the decision-making methods based on pairwise comparisons, the results of which will be obtained by referring to the elite. This technique is used in extracting systemic factors and systematic structuring. Since graphs well show the relationships of elements with a system, so this technique is based on graphs that can divide the factors involved into two groups of cause and effect and the relationship between them as Brought an understandable structural model. The researchers selected for this part of the study included six experts in geography and geopolitics. Border management was assessed based on 26 criteria and indicators according to Table (1). 28 experts were used to examine the criteria. Variables such as expanding the role of the private sector in infrastructure investment, attention to sector planning, regional cohesion strategy, linking the national to the local level, expanding foreign partnerships, establishing a city-level development fund, reducing poverty, Strengthening participation at both formal and informal levels in the region shows high interaction and strong systemic relationship with other variables. On the other hand, as can be seen, the vertical vector (J - R) shows the influence of each factor. Expanding the role of the private sector in investing infrastructure, creating a development fund at the city level, strengthening participation at both formal and informal levels, paying attention to social capital in border areas, creating new business areas, building capacity for officials, Education, transparency and accountability in border areas, etc. are the reasons for this system model. And factors such as paying attention to sectoral planning, linking the national level to the local level, creating a development fund at the city level, creating a border city landscape, establishing gender equality, tourism development strategy, etc. are shown as disabilities. In general, if J - R is positive, the variable is a causal variable, and if it is negative, it is a disability.

Planning related to the development of border cities is very important. Because it is considered as an important and effective factor to improve the relationship between human beings, land and human activities. In the meantime, the border areas of Iran, especially the eastern borders of the country, face special features such as smoothness, proximity to Afghanistan's tense neighbors, smuggling of goods and drugs, population instability, cultural and social problems, and so on. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the development in this region and formulate appropriate strategies with the existing conditions. Examination of library and field data and reference to experts' opinions show that variables are of great importance in the development of border cities. These variables were studied in 3 general strategies including socio-cultural, economic and political-government strategies with 26 general indicators. Findings showed that among these variables, the expansion of the role of the private sector in infrastructure investment (9.4644), attention to sectoral planning (9.1558), regional cohesion strategy (9.0245), Linking the national level to the local level (9.0078) has the most importance and variables such as paying attention to housing policies in border urban areas (5.5239), border city landscape (6.3666), institutionalization and professionalization of urban staff (6.8346) , Neighborhood-based management (6.9111) have the least importance. Therefore, it can be seen that the economic and investment index in this border city is considered as one of the important and influential factors on the development of the city. May be considered in the formulation of high-level policies and strategies by government officials and politicians. Very placed. Because economic development in this city can be directly related to the security of the eastern border areas of the country.

Nowadays, building houses with vernacular style method does not seem to be used anymore in rural area. However, some still remain by slight changes in their architecture. The purpose of this study is to review and document developing vernacular patterns of houses in the village along with providing proposed plans adapting these changes. According to applied purpose of the article which maintain vernacular style in rural area a descriptive-analytical method has been utilized obtaining initial data, current plans and modification of houses through library-documentary and field studies. In this study five houses with a common initial pattern were targeted by purposeful and non-probabilistic selection among 20 vernacular houses in Toularoud Bala village in the period of years 2019-2021. Possible patterns and modified houses were analyzed through space syntax and its factors. Space syntax theory has been utilized for analyzing data. By comparative comparison of the space syntax factors on characteristics of vernacular houses, some proposed patterns were selected and presented while preserving the vernacular feature of the houses through conductive reasoning. Results indicate that modified vernacular houses reserving characteristics of shallow-depth(level: 1) and high-integration of the porch (average rate:7) and by porch being located in the first layer of the house(layer 1-2) match with vernacular features of their prototype. Proposed developmental patterns of the vernacular house which are presented in accordance with the residents` needs could replace the new urban construction patterns for constructing housing for the villagers.

In this research, land use map was prepared by maximum likelihood method in 8 areas of Ahvaz city and altitude and slope maps were prepared. To evaluate the classification accuracy of the land use map, the error of the classified image was compared with a reference image containing a number of ground control points. The map of urban thermal islands was prepared using a separate window algorithm on the Landsat 8 satellite data set in the ENVI software environment. The results showed that the prepared land use map has an kappa coefficient of 86% and good accuracy and credit. The relationship between land use and thermal islands, the results indicate that the eight cities of Ahvaz with an average temperature of 43.3 and the fourth region with an average temperature of 32.6 had the highest and lowest temperatures, respectively. By comparing the percentage of land use classes in the eight and four districts of Ahvaz, it can be said that industrial land use will increase the average temperature of urban areas and space land use will reduce the average temperature of urban areas. Areas with a slope of zero to 1.5 percent have an average temperature of 34 degrees and areas with a slope of 10 to 37 percent have an average temperature of 41 degrees Celsius. In urban areas with altitudes below sea level and urban areas with an altitude of 64 to 80 meters above sea level, the average temperature is 34 and 41 degrees Celsius, respectively.

In the past, cities have been good examples of energy-efficient urban design in terms of ecological constraints. Looking at traditional cities and comparing them with modern urban planning, we see adverse environmental consequences in the scale of design of building units and the spatial structure of cities. Therefore, it seems necessary to identify the effective factors in the design of traditional sustainable cities, using simulation software before the project or in the proposed options, to the optimal forms in the components (individual buildings) and Urban combinations (urban textures) was achieved. The present research combines descriptive-analytical methods, typological studies, drawing and simulation of models, following the analysis of energy consumption and thermal comfort in different types of building forms, urban blocks, and spatial structure of Isfahan in 4 historical periods. Therefore, by using energy simulation software (Design Builder) and thermal comfort (Envi-Met) and analysis of Space Syntax, the relationship between independent variables (physical and spatial characteristics of the urban fabric) and dependent variables, the amount of energy consumption (to provide heating, cooling, and lighting) and thermal comfort, in each of the proposed scenarios, has been investigated. Based on the results, it is possible to formulate guidelines for the climatic design of urban structures in the form of three components; The system and pattern of segmentation and segregation of urban land, the shape and characteristics of the mass/space in urban contexts and the pattern of the network of texture passages, regulation, and operational construction. The dominant forms of the Qajar period are more sustainable forms than other historical periods in terms of energy performance and adaptation to the climate. Also, spatial structures with the highest degree of spatial connection can provide a higher percentage of thermal comfort conditions in urban open spaces.

Today, economic growth and development in all countries, although positive and constructive goals appear, but has negative effects on other sectors and areas, including the environment. In recent years, a topic that has attracted much attention is the discussion of the negative side effects of globalization and trade liberalization and its effects on environmental degradation. It has made the environment more obvious. On the other hand, energy demand and economic development are increasing due to the need to meet basic human needs and productivity. However, efforts to meet global energy demand have led to the use of unsustainable environmental energy resources that have had an impact on environmental degradation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investment in non-renewable energy on environmental degradation by examining the pollution shelter hypothesis in OECD member countries during the years 1990-2019. For this purpose, PMG ARDL test was used to obtain long-term and short-term relationships between research variables and Granger causality test was used to investigate the causal relationship between variables using composite data. Increased foreign direct investment in non-renewable energy and economic growth, along with education and population size, support the pollution shelter hypothesis, but foreign direct investment in renewable energy in OECD countries has rejected the halo hypothesis.

In the face of rapid economic development, population growth, increasing needs of people and changing lifestyles, most of the historical centers of Iran have seen difficulty in making the necessary adjustments and adaptations to current needs and changes. This article examines the role of urban regeneration in reviving redundant historical and social urban centers and how to use them to strengthen the urban identity of their cities. This study is based on a case study approach focusing on urban regeneration in the historical center of Shiraz. Since the construction project has not been completed, this study will focus more on the physical aspects of urban identity rather than its social dimensions. The related experimental research has used a comprehensive fieldwork done through multiple site visits. This article argues that one of the ways to restore the urban identity of Shiraz urban historical social centers is to return to its original roots and try to preserve them in the face of emerging environments. This article examines a novel experience in Iran and Shiraz in creating a new urban identity inspired by the past through a project in order to study the role of urban historical social centers. The results of this study show that the architectural indicators of the historical context of Shiraz have the highest score and average in the continuity index, indicating that the explicit meaning means a visual cognition difficult to fit in human memory.

Evaluation of ecological potential is known as the pioneer of land use. The central Zagros region needs to develop an environmental management plan with a comprehensive and practical approach due to its much environmental sensitivity and numerous threats to biodiversity. Based on this, Koohrang management watershed area, as one of the pilot areas in central Zagros, has been studied and evaluated. In the first step, by examining common models in Iran and the world, a suitable model was designed to evaluate the ecological potential of the region. In the following, a consolidated model was selected and designed for the area, which has the highest degree of consistency and appropriateness with the existing natural and structural features. Finally, by using the basic data and multiple layers of information, by layering layers in the GIS environment and ArcGIS software, 9.3, synthesis and zoning were carried out. Field studies were used to reference the data and fill information gaps. The results show that most of the region is mountainous and the highest rate of erosion is medium with 38.39%. Currently, the use of pasture has the largest share among other uses with about 68%. On the other hand, the most priority use in the study area is dedicated to various aspects of protection and grazing with 53 and 25%, respectively, and development has the lowest share with 0.05%.

Tourism can be international or domestic in a country. According to this organization, tourism is not only limited to the trips that are made during the holidays, but if a traveler moves away from his place of residence and travels to another place in the country or even another country and spends a period of time doing business and Even if he is educated, he is classified as a tourist. As we mentioned, tourism is both domestic and international. The purpose of this research is to investigate and evaluate the capabilities and potentials of geotourism (case study: Alvares, Darabad, Noran villages). The method of this research is applied, analytical and comparative, in this research, a dynamic model was used to evaluate the potential of tourism, and the Pavlova model was used to evaluate the competitiveness of geotourism areas. The value and importance of geotourist areas in the Hadzik model is estimated by three indicators of scientific value, surplus values ​​and the degree of vulnerability of the areas, and in the Pavlova model, the competitiveness of the areas is estimated in terms of positive and negative factors. In the dynamic model, using Cochran's sample size formula, the number of experts and tourists has been determined, and a questionnaire of 55 visitors and 10 experts was used to evaluate the geotourism potential of the studied area. The results show that the geotourism potential of Darabad is 33.4, Noran is 36.44, and Alvares is 59.64. The geotourism potential of Darabad and Noran is average and not much different from each other, but Alvares region has good geotourism potential. Also, to evaluate the competitiveness of the studied areas, the results obtained from the analysis of positive and negative factors indicate that the final results of the numerical value of the areas of Darabad are equal to 1.14, Noran is equal to 1.18, which have satisfactory competitiveness and Alvarez geotourism area with The value of 1.41 has good competitiveness. Therefore, it is concluded that Alvarez tourism region has appropriate potentials for attracting tourists in terms of competitiveness compared to other studied tourism regions.

Frost is one of the natural events whose early and late occurrence can affect different aspects of human life. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of predicting the atmospheric factors of this phenomenon with an environmental approach. For this purpose, the environmental data related to the daily minimum temperature of 2001-2017 for 9 synoptic stations located in Ardabil, Urmia and Tabriz provinces were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the whole country and the days with temperature below 0 degrees Celsius that cover 40% of the studied area in were selected and using the ward hierarchical clustering method that was applied on the average sea level pressure maps related to ice days, the classification of the free days was done. In order to determine the representative of each class using scripting in the MATLAB environment, Lund's correlation was calculated between the maps of different days of each class of 2 to 5 groups with a coefficient of 0.5; And the days that had a correlation coefficient of 0.5 and the most similarity with the majority of days of that class were introduced as the representative of the group. After determining the representative day, atmospheric data was prepared from the Nova site and maps of sea level pressure, geopotential height, wind vector, temperature of 500 hPa and atmospheric thickness were drawn in Gurdes software. The results of the 4 patterns for ice days showed that the most effective systems on the northwest of Iran were high pressure systems in Siberia, low pressure systems near the Arctic and high pressure systems in Northern Europe, and the studied areas were located in the front of Faraz and the negative circulation of air brought stable conditions. In most of these patterns, the western winds that have moved in the polar ice channel have brought cold air from the northern latitudes into the atmosphere of the study areas and caused low air temperatures.

Frost is one of the natural events whose early and late occurrence can affect different aspects of human life. Therefore, this research has been carried out with the aim of predicting the atmospheric factors of this phenomenon with an environmental approach. For this purpose, the environmental data related to the daily minimum temperature of 2001-2017 for 9 synoptic stations located in Ardabil, Urmia and Tabriz provinces were obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the whole country and the days with temperature below 0 degrees Celsius that cover 40% of the studied area in were selected and using the ward hierarchical clustering method that was applied on the average sea level pressure maps related to ice days, the classification of the free days was done. In order to determine the representative of each class using scripting in the MATLAB environment, Lund's correlation was calculated between the maps of different days of each class of 2 to 5 groups with a coefficient of 0.5; And the days that had a correlation coefficient of 0.5 and the most similarity with the majority of days of that class were introduced as the representative of the group. After determining the representative day, atmospheric data was prepared from the Nova site and maps of sea level pressure, geopotential height, wind vector, temperature of 500 hPa and atmospheric thickness were drawn in Gurdes software. The results of the 4 patterns for ice days showed that the most effective systems on the northwest of Iran were high pressure systems in Siberia, low pressure systems near the Arctic and high pressure systems in Northern Europe, and the studied areas were located in the front of Faraz and the negative circulation of air brought stable conditions. In most of these patterns, the western winds that have moved in the polar ice channel have brought cold air from the northern latitudes into the atmosphere of the study areas and caused low air temperatures.

People-centered threats have a special place in passive defense. These threats come not from a foreign enemy but from one of the most valuable assets - the people. By acknowledging non-violence in the face of this type of threat, the science of passive defense, is one of the most appropriate ways to deal with these threats. In this regard, the five goals defined in this science express the need for comprehensive and specialized knowledge of variables and their nature, and by recognizing the variables, the possibility of monitoring and evaluating them and thus predicting and managing the crisis is provided. The main purpose of this study is to extract and prioritize macro variables affecting passive defense with emphasis on people-centered threats. This research descriptively-analytically and during the field survey process, first with the tools of library study and interviews, the variables are extracted and then prioritizes them in the range of threats of people in passive defense. In the research process, eight macro variables were extracted, the first priority being related to the domestic policy variables, and among its sub-variables, the political legitimacy variable has a higher priority than the other variables. The macro variable of social criteria is in the second priority, and among its five subsets, the variable of class balance has a higher priority than other variables. The results of the study strongly emphasize the importance of non-physical variables in the face of people-centered threats.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the role of citizens' participation in improving the social health of Shirvan citizens in the neighborhoods of Bisat Meter, Se-Ik Ab, National Lands (Old City), Palestine, located in Area A. A library has been used to collect information. The statistical population of the present study is the residents of the studied neighborhoods and the number of statistical samples is 250 people, which is estimated based on Cochran's formula. By using the Kolmograf-Smirnov test, the normality of the data distribution and the mean test, as well as the weighting of the variables by the Shannon entropy model, and the data analysis using the Mabak ranking technique, have been done. The results of this research show that the participation rate In terms of the physical-physical index, the country land neighborhood with 3.6 has the best condition and the twenty-meter neighborhood with an average of 2.3 has the worst condition, and in terms of the cultural-social index, the three-year-old neighborhood with 3.7 is the best condition and the Palestine neighborhood with 2.5 It was the weakest neighborhood. In terms of economic index, Palestine neighborhood was the best with an average of 3.8, and the country land neighborhood was the weakest with an average of 2.2. Also, in terms of the bio-environmental index, the Palestine neighborhood with an average of 4.6 had the best conditions and the country lands neighborhood with 1.3 were the weakest neighborhoods .