فصلنامه إضاءات نقدیه فی الادبین العربی و الفارسی
پیاپی 47 (خریف 2022)

Tradition is an important source for the writers, and history is one of the fundamental sources of the tradition from which the writer can refer and inspire in his literary works. The same applies to the Mohammed Qasemzadeh, the Iranian novelist, and Jamal Al-Ghitani, the Egyptian novelist, in many of their novels, especially in two novels studied in this study, ie. Turākinā and Zayni Barakāt. This study investigates similarities and contrasts of two novels in the application of history as one of their traditional components and tries to study incentives and reasons of these similarities and contrasts including concerns about the contemporary history of Iran and Egypt. The study relied on the ideas of György Lukács and Lucien Goldmann, the two distinguished figures of the genetic structuralism, who emphasized the study of the form of literary works and the impact of the infrastructure on them. The study, being a comparative study, also benefitted from the school of dialectical materialism known as the Slavic school, a theory that is fully consistent with the theory of the genetic structuralism. Finally, it became clear that among the most important incentives of application history in two texts were the events and concerns of the writers times including the issue of women. al-Ghitani's novel is by and large devoid of women, that is a sign of the ignorance of women in the contemporary Egypt society, whereas in Qasemzadeh's novel the story of women is significant, as is evident from the title and the text of the novel.

Arabic loanwords are subjected to changes including phonological changes, in Persian language. Are changes of Arabic loanwords in Persian rule-governed? Are these changes subject to phonological rules? In the present article, types of phonological changes in Arabic loanwords are studied according to Generative Phonological Theory of Chomsky and Hale known as SPE which has revised constantly by generative linguists. Generative phonology is a part of Generative Grammar that assigns appropriate phonological representations to speeches in a way as if they are reflections of embedded grammar of vernacular speakers. The most important constituents of this theory are: layers of phonological representation; phonological rules; derivations; distinctive and linear features. The article follows an analytic-descriptive method. In the first place looks, as a necessary background, to phonological structure of Arabic and Persian. Then, studies types of phonological changes in Arabic loanwords: assimilation, dissimilation, deletion, metathesis, compensatory lengthening together with examples in each case. Consequently, this study shows that Persian speakers as speakers of other languages, make mostly phonological changes in Arabic loanwords in order to become consistent to Persian phonological system.

Personality psychology is one of the basic topics in psychology, on which traits and factors affecting the processes of thinking, emotion as well as normal or abnormal human behaviors are determined and the causes of human behavior in various situations are analyzed. So far, several theories have been proposed regarding personality psychology, the most prominent of which is Abraham Maslow's Pyramid Theory due to its emphasis on the stages of personality development based on human five needs (physiological, security, dependence, self-esteem, self-fulfillment). Maslow believes that the process of meeting human needs has a hierarchical process that depends on the relative satisfaction of previous needs. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative-interdisciplinary approach, the present study tries to analyze the various psychological and developmental dimensions of the characters in the novels Baqāya suwar (The Remnants of Tire) by: Hanna Mina and jāye khālyie soluch (Missing Soluch) by Mahmood Dovlatabadi to examine the growth rate of each character from the stage of physiological needs to the stage of self-fulfillment and the influence of various factors during each stage. The results show that none of the characters in the two novels reached the stage of self-fulfillment and even complete self-esteem; However, given that in the novel jāye khālyie soluch (Missing Soluch) there were more favorable social, economic and security conditions for the characters of the story than Baqāya suwar (The Remnants of Tire); Therefore, a relatively more suitable context for Maslow's motivational stages was provided for the characters of this novel.

Motif is a structural phenomenon that carries the aesthetic and expressive functions in contemporary Arab poetry and is considered the key to accessing the poetic world and its intellectual system. Ali Jafar al–Allaq has his own poetic land, and he is very keen to be distinguished and unique from his peers in the generation of the sixties (of the twentieth century). Motif is an essential component of building poetry in the relationship and its presence, on the one hand, expressing the poet's insistence on a particular idea, and on the other hand, it acts as an attacking device in which the reader is able to capture the semantics of the text. This research took it upon himself to tackle the subject of motifs by relying on the descriptive-analytical method and by selecting motifs of 'grass, wind, and songs' from the poetic lexicon and studying them under the shades of semiotics, whose tasks include studying the system of signs. What emerged from this research is that these motifs are an insignificant part of the poetic composition, and some of them have mythological and epistemic roots, and are the poet's means of creating poetic decor. Such as: the herb or to build the paradox between the past and the present, and the herb is the herb of immortal Gilgamesh, to which the poet depends to embody the destabilization of Arab reality or the fading of Arab will. The death of the song and the wind are frequent motifs in the poet's poetry, which carry different indications. The poet used the motif of the song in the framework of the so-called correspondence between the senses to embody the Arab place of death, loss and dispersion. And the wind is a symbol of a yearning for life and a yearning for sweet memories in his childhood.

The grotesque is an artistic and literary concept by which artists and literary men to evoke simultaneously heterogeneous and contradictory feelings in the addressee. The author creates a strange feeling to the verge of laughter, fear and disgust due to the heterogeneous and heterogeneous characteristics such as inconsistency, horror, ridicule, disgust, exaggeration and abnormality. It is the satire of this distressed and unhappy world, though it can create joy, but its bitterness is felt in the addressee after receiving the subject. In this research, the examples of grotesque in the novel Parse dar khāke gharibe (Wandering in a Strange Land) written by Ahmad Dehghan is studied in a descriptive-analytical way. In this realistic novel, a part of the operations of the holy defense era in Iraq is narrated with a critical look, and the author by use of elements of tone and dialogue, and application of similes and metaphors in the atmosphere and situation of the war, which contain tragic scenes and events, created grotesque examples and portrayed bitter events from this perspective.

Based on the perspective of hyper-textuality, it is possible to search for minor and hidden effects of another work in any work, and each text can be compared with similar texts. For this reason, pre-textuality finds a special place in the field of comparative analysis of texts. Some stories of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh have also a special capacity for the study of hyper-textuality, of which is the story of Noushzad, the son of Khosrow Noushin-Ravan, which is very similar to the story of Esfandiar, the famous warrior of the Shahnameh. So, this research is an attempt to explain the aspects of Ferdowsi's influence in writing Noushzad's story from Esfandiar's story using the descriptive-analytical method. Although in this research Esfandiar's story as a pretext longer than Noushzad's story as a post-text, this issue is accepted from the point of view of Genette's theory of hyper-textuality. According to the results of the research, the most important aspects of the impact of the post-text on the pre-text, which indicate the similarities between the stories studied in the current research, are: the common characteristics of the two stories characters, the same story elements (imprison, religiousity, authoritarianism, etc.), death and the images related to death, similar to Esfandiar and Noushzad.