فصلنامه دراسات الادب المعاصر
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 56، شتاء 2023)

Foreign tributaries in Gibran Khalil Gibran's view of deathDeath is one of the natural phenomena that writers talked about in the past and in the past. Contemporary writers talk about death a lot and have varying attitudes about death sometimes and their perception of death is more profound and emotional compared to writers in past ages. Gibran Khalil Gibran is also one of the writers who talked about death in his poetic and prose effects and his view of death differs from that of the ancients to death. Gibran, in his view of death in addition to his personal characteristics and the death of his sister and mother, was influenced by Western writers and Western offices as well. In this article, the analytical-descriptive approach we want to study the foreign tributaries affecting Gibran Khalil Gibran's view of death. The results show that Gibran was influenced by Western writers, including Nietzsche and Edgar Allan Poe and William Blake, as well as romanticism and romantic literature as well. He loved death and his love for death was influenced by romantic doctrine and he felt alienation in this world and believed that death removes and alienates this alienation and heals it.

The group of coffin girls with its bright and dim stars was and still is a source of inspiration for poets. They draw inspiration from them for meanings, contents, and creative images, and they employ them in various poetic purposes, describing, praising, proud, or proud in pictorial formations that differ in their artistic level from one era to another. The meanings and images in all of that depended on the mentality of the poets. It is suitable for the natural components of their environments and keeps pace with the social developments surrounding them.The images derived from the daughters of the coffin in the pre-Islamic era were naive and superficial, keeping pace with the era of poets, but they developed and took on a moral character throughout the ages, and they became more beautiful, more splendid, and more dazzling, no matter how mature the mentality of the poets increased. This article - despite its brevity - attempts to monitor the poetic verses in which the poets employed coffin girls or some of their stars in the specified period for research and studying the aesthetics of their employment in a descriptive and analytical approach using library sources

The importance of the Qur’an is that it is the word of God and that it was issued for the guidance of mankind. Therefore, attributing a meaning to the words of the Qur’an is a dangerous matter that must be fully reassured, lest we fall into the dilemma of slandering God Almighty. The Arabic language is in eloquence, rhetoric, sweetness and gentleness to a degree that no other language can reach. And in the strangeness to the extent that with the increase and decrease in the movement or letter in the pronunciation, or in the modalities of the composition of the words from the introduction and the delay, the different meanings occurred because the Arabic language in rhetoric and eloquence has many provisions that are specific to this language, and if these considerations are used in another language, they Invalidate and useless. And after the conquest of the country and the mixing of the Arabs and the non-Arabs, forgetting the eloquent language is a possible matter. That is why some scholars in the early days of Islam composed Arabic dictionaries and cared about the language of the eloquent and the Arab rhetoricians, and cited the pre-Islamic poetry that was free from mixing with the non-Arabic language. Research on the languages of the Qur’an, especially the foreign ones, has been discussed among Muslims, and because the language of every people must be inferred from their eloquent speech, and this is one of the most important reasons for collecting eloquent Arabic poems.

Children's literature is the part of literature that addresses children and adolescents and is classified on the basis of the age of the audience. It is a type of literary art that includes stories, books, magazines and poems written specifically for children. Although this literary genre focuses on consolidating literature in its manifestations in the child and feeding it with literary food; it has another task, which is to develop values and culture when addressing him. Literature and culture are the wings of a bird that flies in a child’s imagination through stories, poems and books.This study seeks to show the readiness of children’s literature to demonstrate moral values and the development of Islamic culture in children. To reach this end, it studied the works of the famous writer on children’s literature; Tariq Al-Bakri, and focused on the cultural and moral dimension in his stories, concluding that the stories of Tariq Al-Bakri, in addition to containing many of these values, raise the minds of children in an appropriate manner and with wonderful manners in order to promote education. 

The possibility of translating the Qur’an into other languages has been suggested by many scholars from ancient times. God sent the Prophet (may God bless him and grant him peace) to guide man and have victory in the Qur’an in this sacred path. This Qur’an calls people to everything that guides them to eternal happiness and the height of perfection. The teachings and laws of this book are not specific to one nation, but rather include all countries and languages. Understanding the Qur'an is a religious necessity. The translation of the Qur’an into other languages is aimed at identifying the various boredom on the language of the Qur’an and its facts and Quranic knowledge, and it is one of the advertising necessities, but the important point that we should be concerned with is that the translator has to be knowledgeable in both languages to a level that makes him able to transmit symbols and verbal minutes That exist in the two languages and that they know their inherent minutes well so that the text does not face imbalance in the transmission, especially since there are elements that make translating the Qur’an difficult, including: the sanctity of the content, the superiority of the words of the creature and the miraculousness of the text and the content, infallibility and the absence of error in the Quranic phrases that It is considered necessary for the oneness of the Qur’an.

Children's literature is educational tool to answer children's questions that develope his personality. The article -with the analytical method- study authoritarianism and carnavalism in “A New Dream”. Adults write for children, and authority determines what should be in children's literature. Therefore, there is imbalance between adults and children, which reinforces the authoritarianism of adults over children's literature. Main characters in “A New Dream” are animals bearing human characteristics and through it we can stimulate the child’s imagination. Adults are the creators of children's literature, and when the character childs act like an adult without supervision, the carnival enters the story. The relationship between Carnival and children's literature is related to the authoritarian relationship between children and adults. the adults not seen in this story, and the little reader does not wait to hear them advice, teachings,. three characters seem at first little adults, and sometimes the characteristics of the characters are depicted and difficult for the reader to imagine them as children that can cause a kind of mistrust in the child and may lead to a kind of strangeness to them. We see some contradictions in characters' intelligence and inability. The most important point seek to resolve problems. Filling the blanks is a process that the writer uses in the story and leaves gaps in which the reader has the task of filling them in order to complete the structure of the text. But Tabbala fills in the blanks and not allow the child's to imagination.

Structural components are a new branch of stylistics in which the features of language in literary works are examined, which include synthetic, audio, and semantic levels. This research intends to study these components in three human poetry collections of Bostani (Andalusiat le joroh el-Iraq), (Albahr ystad al-Dzafaf) and (Makabdat al-Shajar).At the compound level of sentence length and brevity, the structural elements of speech such as beginner and news, verb and subject, order of presentation or delay of each component of the sentence, the relationship between adjective and adjective and addition, composition or news. At the acoustic level, internal music or internal rhythms (such as repetitions, etc.) and external music (prosody weights of rhymes, rhyme, narration, and prosody) are explored. In the following, one of the semantic levels, namely simile, which the language of poetry implies, is discussed. And statistics of various similes will be presented in the three divans of the poet.

The influence of reformist thought during the crisis in Iraq in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries had a effect on justifying the ideas of the poets of this era. Among them is the name of Jamal Al-Din Afghani because of his prominent role in the contemporary literary movement and the justification of the ideas of leading poets, including; Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi shines and the necessity and importance of the discussion is in this point. Among them is the name of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, because of his prominent role in the contemporary literary movement and the justification of the ideas of leading poets, including; Mohammed Ridha Al-Shabibi shines and the necessity and importance of the discussion is in this point. In this article, in order to explain the effects of this influence, the reflection of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani correction axes on Shabibi's poems was studied. The method of this research is analytical-comparative and in the end some results were obtained: Islamic countries must be cautious in their interaction with the West and its progressive civilization, and adopt things that lead to their progress. They denounce various forms of religious, national, and tribal prejudice and shout at stagnation and imitation, which has closed the way to progress. In their view, all issues of human life are under the control of the divine will and the power of judgment and predestination. Undoubtedly, their influence on the Holy Quran and Islamics missions is one of the most important pillars in their thoughts.

Resistance literature charts the course of the popular struggle that comes with the aim of liberating the land, and defending religion and culture against evil aggressors against those national and human values in a refined literary style. Contemporary Iraqi poet Jawad Al-Hattab is famous for his struggle stance and his resistance poetry in the Iraqi arena. And staying at home, where his book “A Wreath of Music on the Corpse of a Piano” was the first anti-occupation book of a poet living under occupation. This research aims to study the poetry of Jawad Al-Hattab's resistance against the American occupier, based on the descriptive analytical method. The results of the research indicate that the poet’s poetry is replete with issues of praising the martyrs and heroes, denouncing the American invaders, revealing their crimes, and inciting armed struggle against them, and the poet’s resistance axes is a call to struggle and expose American crime in Iraq with the aim of mobilizing world opinion and mobilizing the Arab masses against them and praising the heroes and martyrs because The role of the martyr in advocating the cause of liberating the country. We also see the emphasis on the element of hope for liberation in abundance in his poetry of resistance, where the recipient finds hope of victory and liberation important to his poetry.

This article aims to show that the poet is the son of his environment, and his tools and poetic themes must stem from that environment, whether he likes it or not. Our goal is to study the civilizational development and its impact on the poet's thought and the impact of social, political and economic life, that most of the poetry was speaking about the life lived by the poet and the extent of its impact on the poet and society in general.We also note that the study of concepts, terms and meanings has dominated a wide area in Arab and non-Arab criticism, and each group is interested in presenting the juice of their thought about a specific meaning.In this article, we relied on the thematic, semantic and semiotic approach, on a careful consideration of the deep, not superficial, transformations taking place in Arabic poetry, which can be included in the section of modernity. Poetry and how to choose poetic tools and how to use themThis thesis is distinguished from others in that it dealt with metacharism by addressing Arab poets from several countries and different social conditions, cultures and religions that had not previously been collected in similar previous studies.The findings of this thesis in studying several fields of poets of the modern era by renewing the language in the light of a new experience and a new understanding of the poet's life and experience.

Sab-ul-Nabi is one of the topics of Islamic penal jurisprudence, which is very important and many verses and traditions refer to it. Since in Islamic penal jurisprudence, a special punishment is provided for this title. Therefore, it can be used as an argument for the opponents of this ruling. So, what is the plan of this topic, Sab-ul-Nabi? And who is Subal-Nabi? And what is its condition is of special importance. All Islamic schools of thought and all jurists of Fariqin have considered Sab-ul-Nabi as one of the crimes punishable by death. With this difference, there is no independent chapter under the title Sab-ul-Nabi in the jurisprudence books of Ahl al-Sunnah, so they examine this issue under the topic of apostasy. Therefore, in this article, the reaction of Iran's jurisprudential-legal system will be studied with analytical, descriptive and library methods. Key words: penal jurisprudence, criminal law, Sab- ul-Nabi, Sunnah jurisprudence.

A study in the effectiveness of argument patterns in the mirror of Samih al-Qasim's poetryThe social use of speech highlights the pilgrims as a distinctive feature, so every argument presupposes a counter-argument, and there is absolutely no pilgrims without counter-arguments, given that the truth, when revealed in the context of human and social relations, is difficult to comprehend and becomes a subject of dispute and controversy in the absence of material and objective arguments. The field of pilgrims, then, is not the truthful and necessary, which distinguishes it from the proof - but rather the potential. That is why Gilles Declercq says that the pilgrims, while taking human and social relations as their field, emerge as a linguistic and intellectual tool that allows decision-making in a field dominated by conflict and dominated by argument. Samih al-Qasim is one of the most important and famous contemporary Arab and Palestinian poets whose name is associated with the poetry of revolution and resistance. The subject of our research, as indicated by its title, is a study of the pilgrims in the poetry of Samih Al-Qasim, and by studying here we mean looking at the sum of the techniques that the poet adopts to invoke an opinion or refute an idea, trying to convince the reader of what he simplifies or make him acquiesce in what he presents. This will inevitably lead us to study the structure of pilgrims on the one hand, and its methods on the other hand.