فصلنامه دراسات الادب المعاصر
سال پانزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 60، شتاء 2023)

The poets of the diaspora and the poets of the homeless Palestine, both of them live outside their countries, and in addition to their feeling of alienation, they have a longing for their homeland. But the motives and reasons behind the migration of these poets differ; The poets of the diaspora migrated to the countries of the North and South America of their own free will and in order to live a better life, and they may return - whenever they want - to their homelands. As for the poets of Palestine, they did not leave their country voluntarily. Rather, it was the Zionist occupiers who expelled them, and they did not return to their homeland. In this article, we try, using an analytic-descriptive approach, to study the effects of migration on the poetry of Palestine and the poetry of the diaspora, and to show the differences between these effects. The results obtained from this research work show that the different motives and causes of emigration have had a direct impact on the poetry of the poets of Palestine and the poets of the diaspora. The poets of the diaspora yearn for the homeland, but they do not return to it, begging for flimsy pretexts, and aiming arrows of criticism at the masses, while the poets of Palestine love their country and call the masses to struggle. In addition, the emotions of Palestinian poets and their feelings of longing for their homeland are truer.

Comparative literature is one of the branches of literary criticism that talks about the literary relations of nations, emotions and feelings, different languages, and the interaction between the literatures of nations. The aim of the research is meta-analysis of comparative literature articles to present, summarize and categorize the findings of the latest scientific efforts related to the subject and examine the components used in these studies. The results of this research show that most of the selected articles include topics related to the general principles of comparative literature such as methodology, goals, foundations, schools of comparative literature, analysis of comparative literature in Iran and the world, what comparative literature is, symbolism, styles. and literary currents, comparative linguistics, Persian and Arabic comparative studies. The most important components of comparative literature studies in the articles mentioned in terms of the general principles of comparative literature include the schools of comparative literature and the comparison between Persian and Arabic.

The semiotic analysis tries to reveal the relationship between the title and the fictional text, and then semiology, which is a science through which semantic systems such as language, symbols, signs, etc. are studied. relationship becomes clear when the title is considered a semiotic system with semantic and other symbolic dimensions, urging the researcher to trace its connotations to be revealed in the structure and meaning. we sought in this research, To implement the semiotic analysis the novel entitled “Al-Thalj Yaati Men Al-nafezah” by the Syrian storyteller and novelist; Because the title and in view of the content of the text of the novel, it carries suggestive and symbolic connotations despite the realism of the events.In this descriptive analytical study, we tried, according to the theory of the structuralist Ferdinand de Saussure, to reveal the significance of rigid objects centered around the “window and snow”; Because these two terms have an important role in depicting the stages of the hero's personality development and drawing the events from beginning to end.Some results indicate that the “window”, which is the main pillar of the title with its extensional relationship, is considered an element of the confrontation between the protagonist and the outside world, as well as the “snow” comes from the window in which the struggling hero sits. The novelist, through the novel, tried to employ the inanimate objects that have a semantic role in the novel the service of life, which is the life of his heroes and society.

The aim of the current research is a comparative study to identify the principles of statecraft in the rule based on political and cultural affairs. An analytical-historical approach was used for this research. The results of the research show the following: before the formation of the local government, were considered to be part of the structure of previous governments such as the Ghaznavid dynasty, the Khwarizmshahs and the Ilkhanid state, and through their infiltration into the political structure of these governments,By imitating the political structure of the aforementioned governments, they had a political structure of the royal type based on tyranny and theoretically, their efforts to obtain the foundations of legitimacy can be considered within the framework of the Islamic monarchy and caliphate theory. Therefore, in this research, there is an attempt to identify the principles of statecraft in these two governments by relying on library documents and sources. The results of the research indicate that the two governments tried to maintain political and religious relations with the neighboring governments and the Abbasid caliphs in the political dimension and religious legitimacy of their government.From a cultural point of view, Kerman became one of the centers of science, literature and architecture after the establishment of the Karakhaites in relative security. With regard to the cultural performance of the Muzaffar family, we can mention the revival of the Iranian state, the revival of Islamic unity, and the laying of the foundations of the Shiite religion and its spread in Iran.

Lyrical literature is the soft expression of the poet or writer's feelings and personal feelings, and deals with love, friendship, suffering, and disappointment. What distinguishes this type of literature from others is the predominance of the element of emotion and feeling over other poetic elements. The deeper the poet's emotions and the more delicate his feelings, the more penetrating and enjoyable his words are. Lyrical literature has a more prominent characteristic compared to other genres, and is considered, in terms of rank, the oldest, purest, and most imaginative type of literature. The research is based on analyzing and studying the important lyrical aspects of the novel A Midnight Dream and looking at the opinions of experts and their direct reception of the lyrical works. The current research method is content analysis based on the foundations of the descriptive analytical method. The results of the research showed that in the content aspects of the lyric literature in the novel A Midnight Dream, there are components such as emotionality and sentimentality, description of (man, animal, and place), complaint and reproach, human moral characteristics, romance, negative view of the world and blaming eternity, sad space, supplication and soliloquy, wishful thinking, and bragging. , daily events, self-talk, hope, joy and humor, regret and oaths. Midnight Dream is a novel containing mostly lyrical elements. The author mixed most of the lyrical aspects with his inner feelings, and presented them in the form of vocabulary and the form of a novel.

The contemporary history of Iran witnessed many political and social events, especially in the twentieth century, and its echoes were reflected in contemporary literature, especially poetry, Contemporary poets tried to depict their virtuous city (Utopia) according to their political views and religious positions. Contemporary Iranian poets, in their virtuous city, placed part of their hopes and aspirations on the shoulders of the promised deliverer. Although there are similarities in the nature of the proselyte, we see differences in its attributes and characteristics. This study, depending on the descriptive and analytical methods, seeks to shed light on the views of a number of contemporary Iranian poets about the Savior in their utopian city by providing some examples and studying them, and comparing them with the three opinions of religious scholars to reveal the common and different denominators between them. One of the most important findings of the study is that there is rich material in contemporary Persian poetry about the promised deliverer, and that contemporary Iranian poets almost agree on the idea of waiting and the appearance of the deliverer, but they differ in the credibility of the deliverer. Some of them believed in Imam Mahdi, and some of them went in another direction, and looked for people with different characteristics.

Jean Cohen's theory of poetics is one of the approaches to the new rhetoric. It investigates poetic texts in paradigmatic and syntagmatic level to indicate their connotations. Thus, the present study employs this theory for a descriptive-analytical investigation of the Couplets Containing Metaphors of the ode Al-Sama: Heaven or Paradise, the first poem from Abu Madi's Divan and tends to answer two questions of: What is the reason for poetic level of these couplets? and how the pathems are projected from paradigmatic axis on syntagmatic axis? These couplets have broken the standard phonetic rules of pause, alliteration,, meter, and rhyme, the standard grammatical rules of substitution and deletion, and the standard semantic rules of implicit metaphors.The results show that the abundance of deviation in phonetic, grammatical and semantic level made a good poetic level for these couplets and the projection of the abundant pathems from paradigmatic axis to syntagmatic axis made a deep meaning of meaning for the couplets. So, it became valuable, potential and active.

Para-narrative is one of the most obvious styles of post-modern story writing. As its title suggests, it has been used to transition from a normal narrative to an innovative and unconventional one. In this postmodern method, which was proposed by writers from the last decades of the 20th century to breathe a new spirit into the novel, various and numerous contemporary components are used, the most important and prominent of which is "short connection", which means creating a triangular and triangular connection between the author. The audience is the author of the story and the author of the character. This article discusses the wide use of postmodern techniques in Rabi Jaber's fictional works and analyzes this technique in the author's novel "Al Farasha Zarqa" to show how contemporary Arab novelists, according to the stylistic requirements and literary currents of the world, use this method technically and Industrialists are employed. The result shows that Rabi Jaber has used this method in the mentioned novel for innovation, dynamism and creation of a new and new narrative, as well as introducing important and modern themes and breaking the old taboos of the classic novel and blurring the border between fantasy and reality. It should be noted that the method used in this research is descriptive-analytical.

The ideas of Al-Hasan Al-Basri are considered among the most influential ideas on the subject of Mahdism among Muslims. Presenting his opinions in Al-Basri’s works and writings based on the traditions and special foundations of the narrative approach distinguished him from others. In the contemporary era, advertising activities in this field have increased significantly. Al-Hasan Al-Basri's reference in his writings to the approaches to hadith common among a group of hadith scholars, and also their conformity to a specific chronological sequence, is a feature of Al-Basri's extant works. In light of the doubts that exist in this area, it decides the necessity of reconsidering and reviewing this flow. Like other imams, Al-Hasan Al-Basri considered himself a beneficiary of divine knowledge. In his writings, he deals with various Qur’anic, Hadith, doctrinal, historical, jurisprudential, and Arabic literary topics. This research addressed the correct or incorrect theories of Al-Hasan Al-Basri through desk review and the descriptive analytical approach. In his writings, he deals with various Qur’anic, Hadith, doctrinal, historical, jurisprudential, and Arabic literary topics. This research addressed the correct or incorrect theories of Al-Hasan Al-Basri through desk review and the descriptive analytical approach.

In this article, a comparative study of the female image in Khamsa Nizami and Ahmed Shoghi's poems is done based on Phyllis Chesler's theory. The type of research is analytical-descriptive and its method is library. The results of the research show that there are significant similarities in terms of the classification of women and some of their personality traits in the military style of thought and Ahmed Shoghi's point of view; Of course, this does not mean that the views of Nizami and Shoghi are completely similar, and they have completely different views in some fields. Ahmad Shoghi is a traditional poet who has not been freed from the shackles of traditionalism and has not taken steps that are very different from his predecessors. He pays attention to the external features of women and describes them following the example of ancient poets, but in his plays, when he talks about women and love, he seems like a poet in love. In this type of poetry, the poet is freed from the constraints imposed by the social situation, so it expresses sincere and sensitive feelings. In the introduction of women, Nizami introduces women with chastity and modesty, the profession in love making; Wisdom is a distinctive feature of women in love in Khumsa. A decent quality that Shoghi's desired women are miles away from.