نشریه اقتصاد تولید و بازاریابی کشاورزی
پیاپی 1 (پاییز 1401)

The amount of investment in Iran's agricultural sector is low. Despite the high potential of the agricultural sector in assisting production and creating value-added, the investment and financing of this sector face significant obstacles and challenges. In this regard, in the present study, using SWOT analysis, the main factors including strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats surrounding investment in the agricultural sector of Fars province were identified. Then, using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), the importance (weight) of each of these main factors and their sub-factors was measured from the point of view of experts and farmers. In the following, based on the obtained weights for each of the main factors and sub-factors, the current position of the agricultural sector was drawn, as well as future strategies for the development and mobility of investment in the agricultural sector. The results showed that the current situation of investment and financing of the agricultural sector in the region corresponds to the integration strategy. Therefore, using strengths to avoid the negative consequences of threats, along with paying attention to the ability to limit the factors of weakness in order to strengthen and expand investment, should be on the agenda. Due to the high attractiveness of ST and WO strategies compared to other strategies, existing opportunities and weaknesses are very important. In this situation, it is suggested that the economic activists deal with the weaknesses while taking advantage of the opportunities and providing the basis for the diversity of activities.

The gap time between of production costs and income agricultural products leads to price fluctuations, uncertainty about prices, and also the inability of the farmer to meet his living expenses during the process of producing products. The main goal of this study is providing a solution and introduce the new tools to farmers. To achieve for that purpose, the warehouse receipt system, whose main idea is taken from the FAO research center in 2009, is proposed. The executive structure of the proposed warehouse receipt system is in such a way that it can provide the prosperity of Iran's agricultural commodity exchange transactions and the financing of farmers by banks, and also reduce the risk of product prices during the production process. In the following, to evaluate the acceptance of this system by farmers and its implementation in Iran, the agent-based model was introduced as a tool to test it before applying. The agent-based model can evaluate the effectiveness of the government's motivational and punitive policies for the implementation and expansion of the warehouse receipt system. In order to carefully and comprehensively examine the financing mechanism designed for farmers in the short term, it is suggested that the products that are present in the agricultural ring of the Commodity Exchange (such as corn and barley) are selected as a pilot and the system can be implemented. The warehouse for the producers of these products should be evaluated according to the proposed tool of this study.

Food is one of the most basic necessities of life and access to it is the most basic right of every human being, but despite the efforts made to reduce hunger and poverty, there are still many concerns about food security in different societies. Therefore, it is important to conduct studies that can determine the access of rural households to safe and sufficient food. In this regard, This study was conducted with the general aim of factors affecting the improvement of food security of rural households. The statistical population of this study included all rural households in Hindijan city in Khuzestan province (N = 1906). Using Krejcie and Morgan table, 230 heads of rural households were selected by stratified random sampling with proportional assignment for the study. The results showed that the rural households in the study are not in a good position in terms of food security because about 70% of them were in food insecurity. The results of correlation coefficient showed that food security has a significant relationship with the variables of number of small ruminant, large animal, agricultural land, income, adaptability, access to credit, social capital, education level, quality of agricultural land. In addition, the results of stepwise regression showed that the three variables of social capital, farmers' adaptability and level of education could explain 51.7% (R2 = 0.517) of the changes in food security dependent variables of the studied households.

Timely planting of sorghum, taking into account the climatic conditions of the region, especially sufficient water supply, can improve the growth period of this plant in the region. In this regard, In order to determine of economic productivity of irrigation water in the production of forage sorghum cultivars by using of different planting methods in different dates, an experiment was carried out as a split factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Alborz province, Iran during 2017 and 2018. In this research, The main factor was the planting date at four levels (1, 11, and 23 July and 1 August) and the sub-factor included planting methods (direct seeding without pre-treatment, hydroprimed seed planting, and transplanting) and forage sorghum cultivars (Pegah and Speedfeed). In order to measuring of productivity be used indicators of physical productivity (kg m-3) and economic productivity (rials gross and net income of products m-3) and estimating of return be used profitability indexes (gross income and net income). According to the results, the planting of speedfeed sorghum cultivar to hydroprimed seed planting with irrigation water consumption (4790.5 m3 ha-1) , economical productivity od water (20687.5 rials net income m-3) and maximum net income of forage production (99.11 Iranian million rials ha-1) in date of July 1st recommended as suitable treatment based on return and economical productivity of water in the target area.

Exports are one of the most important steps for organizations to develop and invest in global markets and expand their international activities. This research is a quantitative research with a purposeful purpose and descriptive survey strategy. Due to the suitability of the country's lands for olive production, the export of this product compared to neighboring countries such as Turkey is very small. The low export of olives, the inefficiency and the growing turmoil in the market of this product, led the research to examine the factors affecting the economic efficiency of olive exporting companies. The statistical population of the study is the managers and employees of the olives exporting companies. According to the Morgan table, 217 people were selected based on the table. The validity of the research questionnaire was obtained through formal validity (expert opinion) and convergent and divergent validity (confirmatory factor analysis) and its reliability was obtained through the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results of the path analysis showed that generally the academic education of managers, the size of the organization, the commitment to using ICT, the export performance and Internet sales affect the economic efficiency in the export of olive. Among these, the impact of export performance with a coefficient of 0.428 has the most impact and online sales with a coefficient of 0.109 have the least impact on efficiency.

Factor productivity analysis is a useful management tool at any economic level, and due to the environmental effects of economic activities and costs, not paying attention to these effects in evaluating economic performance leads to results. It goes away from reality. In this regard, one of the important aspects in the issue of productivity is to study the differences in productivity of countries, analyze the trend and their convergence. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in environmental productivity growth of selected countries in the Mena region and the existence of convergence between them in the period 2009-2020 using Fare-Primont index and root test of Pesaran panel unit. According to the results of the Environmental Productivity Index, Tunisia, Yemen, Morocco, Libya, Qatar, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait and Saudi Arabia have grown in the study period. Comparison of the results of normal and environmental productivity index shows that in terms of unfavorable output, the productivity index of all countries studied has decreased. Based on the results, the agricultural productivity of the studied countries is convergent. Therefore, structural changes in the agriculture of the countries of the Mena region and changes in the productivity of the factors of production of each of them will affect the productivity and growth of the agricultural sector of these countries.

In recent decades, the agricultural sector in most developing countries has been influenced by a variety of government interventionist policies aimed at supporting this sector in comparison with other economic sectors. These policies cover a wide range of interventions that directly or indirectly affect the price and market of these products. In Iran, the agricultural sector and its sub-sectors have also been affected by these policies in recent decades. These interventions have been done mainly through controlling the price of goods, imposing quotas or paying subsidies on their production inputs. On the other hand, with increasing pressure for production and cultivation level, the sustainability of the exploitation system has been challenged, so the purpose of this study is to analyze the policy system of the agricultural sector and provide supportive strategies for optimal cultivation and sustainable development. The statistical population of this study in the first part to measure sustainability using the AHP method is experts and experts in the agricultural sector and in the second part secondary information is obtained from the Agricultural Jihad Organization, Regional Water, Statistics Center of Iran and .... Finally, 11 scenarios were developed and implemented in the Hamadan-Bahar plain using GAMS software. The results of the research for each of the studied scenarios showed that in using each scenario, the best scenario should be considered according to the upstream documents and the characteristics of the region,