Islamic Political Thoughts
Volume:7 Issue: 1, Spring 2020

The increase of terrorist acts and the essential, methodological and instrumental evolution of terrorism have led to the emergence of various forms of terrorist acts that cannot be combated with conventional and existing patterns. In this study, the researcher has addressed the comprehensive model for the fight against terrorism in order to enhance the domestic knowledge of this phenomenon and to pay attention to the practical needs existed in this field. The researcher by using descriptive-analytical method aims to identify both positive and negative aspects of comprehensive model for fighting terrorism. This model is based on six strategic policies as follows: A) Policies designed and implemented for the purpose of physical confrontation, weakening and/or elimination of terrorist unit, such as information dominance, organizational empowerment and operational dominance. B) Policies designed to socialize counter-terrorism and are meant to create a powerfully integrated society which has a high degree of impenetrability and certitude in potential terrorist acts. From this perspective, the priority is given to strengthen internal consistency, to heighten public awareness, and to increase the threshold of social tolerance and insight.

The contemporary political and economic relations between Iran and India, two major Asian powers are affected by various domestic, regional and international elements, especially after the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979. The gradual increase of economic and political power of India in the regional and global interactions and the dominance of Look East Doctrine in the attitude of some of the Iranian decision-makers have caused both countries plan and pursue a new level of relations in terms of a strategic relationship framework. The relations between Iran and India have gone through many changes in the recent years such as energy security, nuclear program, relations between India and America and developments in Afghanistan. These developments have, on the one hand, created many limitations and on other hand many opportunities for the extension of bilateral relations between both countries. The question that arises now is whether Iran and India could enter the field of strategic alliance with each other? Iran and India share historical and cultural relations with strong roots and both countries are after a balanced and multi-polar power system against the America's unipolar system. It is to be noted that the way is paved for their political, economic and transportation cooperation among others. The hypothesis is that common interests and mutual vulnerabilities have strengthened the capacities for bilateral cooperation in the fields of economy and security. However, the formation of a strategic relationship between the two countries seems difficult due to the strategic relations between India and America, India and Israel and a lack of common vision on the power structure in international system.

Islam has a specific approach to the nature of international relations, which is different from two main international discourses, namely, realism and liberalism. In terms of ontological and epistemological foundations, schools in international relations differ from one another and as a result, their approach to international relations is different. This paper intends to compare the ontology foundations of the Islamic approach to international relations in comparison to both realism and liberalism approaches. However, two questions are discussed in this article: First, what are the ontological foundations of the international relations approach? Second, what is the difference between the Islamic theory of international relations and liberalism and realism approaches? In response to these questions, two hypotheses are stated: First, the foundations of the ontology of international relations in Islam, in the dimension of anthropology, are neither pessimistic as realism, nor optimistic as idealism; but in Islamic perspective, human nature is a mixture of nature and instinct and since a Muslim accepts the unseen affairs (qayb) and the absolute divine rule based on his nature, his understanding of politics is a sharia-based and in his view, the principle dominated over international relations is peace-centered. Second, the most important distinction between the Islamic approach to international relations and realism and liberalism is the ontological foundations of this theory. Regarding to these foundations, it has been able to provide an interpretation of the nature of international relations which is more consistent with the reality of the international system. The method of the research is analytical and the way of collecting is a documentary type.

Today, most countries are aware that recognizing the capacity of international scientific and technological cooperation is essential to national interests. Therefore, cooperation in these fields can be included as a field with many capabilities to ensure the national interests of countries in the form of "science and technology diplomacy". Science and technology diplomacy means the use of science and technology and its capacities and achievements in the process of relations with other countries and nations as a mechanism for establishing new relations, strengthening relations between states, and increasing soft power for countries. Considering that Iran and Russia have a high international position in terms of science production; academic, scientific, and technological relations can lead to the national interests of the two countries. Accordingly, in this research, the existing capacities between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Russian Federation in the field of joint scientific cooperation between the two countries are explained.