نشریه مطالعات نقد ادبی
پیاپی 36 (پاییز 1393)

Paragraph is one of the units of meaning in the text which is greater than a sentence and is, in its turn, responsible for transmitting the meaning. This study aims to illustrate: What kind of sentences form a paragraph, What is the structure of sentences in a paragraph, What kind   of role occupy different paragraphs in a text, To make the author’s intention more clear how should be the paragraphs divided. A paragraph comprises of a topic sentence and supporting sentences and considering the position of different paragraphs in a text, three paragraphs can be distinguish for every text, i.e. introductory paragraphs, body paragraphs and conclusion paragraph. Since each Paragraph explains a respective independent subject, the paragraphs can be divided in to narrative paragraph, descriptive paragraph, cause and effect paragraph, comparison and contrast paragraph and composite paragraph. Understanding the parts of a paragraph correctly and having the ability to distinguish the different kinds of paragraphs help to understand the text properly, teach the correct way of writing, classification of subjects and avoiding the deviance of the main subject of the text and verbosity. With explaining the structure of a paragraph to determine the framework of the paragraphs and adoption an appropriate way for paragraphing the text in line with its subject, this article strives to make clear the functions of the paragraphs.

One of the important events in the history of our country, especially after the islamic revolution is the war issue. Besides the influence of political, social and economic problems, has been affected to literature especially fiction. Novelists have used the war as a great treasure to address the subject of fiction. Because a novel tells conditions of people during the history by description of historical events. One of the subjects which the novelists notied is condition of warriors and their families. Among the characters in these stories women characters is striking. During the war between Iran and Iraq and after that the women in the family have an important position in the consolidation. If most of them did not fight with men, they kept safe their home and family from events harm in men’s absence, they reintegrate warriors necessities or help injureds in hospitals. This paper analyzes the foundations of the family and the role of women in strengthening and maintaining these institutions, with emphasis on the book called "Dakhil e Eshg". The women in this story are in place of mother, wife, dauter and nurse. Some of them think about their personal life regardless to the country. But most of them have a strong, strong-willed and dedicated

The epic stories heroes of the various cultural and civilizational aspects, aside that there are some distinctions between them, the characteristics, values ​​and ideals of them are shared. These features can be used as a useful insrument for defining and describing them. The epic heroes such as cultural intermediaries who can be an agent of cultural transplantation. This, determine the necessary of compatetive study on literary epic of all nations. In this essay, some of the characteristics of epic heroes in Borzuname and Beowulf and Similarities and some differences between them are analyzed

realism as a creative manner, a phenomenon that at a certain stage of historical evolution of human thoughtWhen people desperately need to understand the nature and direction of social evolution found When people first, and then vaguely conscious of the fact discovered The actions and thoughts of excitement caused by rogue or not the divine plan, but the real reason, or if the closer we are to the source material, appeared. Made in the impartiality of the school of real life people and entities subject to the artisans, workers and oppressed people around picks and tells their story. In this retelling of the story of the events and their natural history and the course of events without the author's written by the author to his story that broughtSoBrqydh realist writers, in fact breathe events (no fiction writer) is located. , Poets and Writers Iranians use this school and they have paid off in terms of realism to the art. poets of Iran (Ahmad Shamlou, Mehdi Akhavan, SiavashKasraei, Hamid Mosaddegh)

One of the most productive branches of literature in Palestine’s territory is the literature of resistance and resistance literature can be considered as an influential part of the poem. A poem which is one of the most important trenches of the nation’s against military domination, and cultural and political for the revolutionary people of Palestine’s Muslim. And that part of the literature in any country, including quantitative and qualitative growth and prosperity is not even getting close to the level which is occurring in Palestine.Sulafa hijjawi is a contemporary poet of the Palestinian resistance, the Palestinian issues are devoted much of his odes; he tries  to employ the most prominent thematic elements in the poetry of resistance, such as displacement, exile, occupation, martyrs and also using  modern technical means in Arabic poetry as an element of repetition, imagery and poetic mysteries, beauty of his poems has a deep impact on the reader’s sentiment on the disclosure of the nature of the Zionist regime and has an important role to defend of their country.

Studying Sohrab Sepehri's poems thematically has placed him among phenomenology poets. He opens the initial doors by the means of turning his unique and passionate viewpoint about natural phenomena toward his own existence perception as well as conveying a meaning to those phenomena; and he removes the distinction between subject and object in the path of union with environment. However the content discussed in this article is not only corresponding Sepehri's poems with principles of phenomenology. Because this topic has been favored and followed by some investigators before. The author moreover to studying widely Sepehri's poems from the prospective of phenomenology, tries to study epistemology and finally mysticism. In every stage that poet comes to an understanding of phenomena, his soul feels a wider inner emptiness. Sepehri feels the necessity of seeking for his self in himself by believing in the existence of phenomena and he becomes united with himself in the center of nature as a narcissus in order to distribute an emptiness, beyond which a high existence is hidden and detecting that existence propels him to filling that emptiness.  As much as the poet feels more emptiness, one step more is taken; therefore more forces are injected to his wings in the path of flying toward pure existence. This leads the self of the poet to nothingness and makes him properly empty that retrieves the mere soul in his inside and finalizes his Cogito –self-awareness-.