نشریه مطالعات کاربردی تندرستی در فیزیولوژی ورزش
سال دهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1402)

One of the main causes of death from cardiovascular diseases is obesity. Bariatric surgery is very common for the treatment of obesity. Therefore, the present study investigated the relationship between physical activity and selected food consumption patterns on the morphological and functional indicators of the heart in morbidly obese females after bariatric surgery.

 The present study was semi-experimental; So that the studied sample was 10 women with morbid obesity; who in 2021 intended to undergo bariatric surgery at Hafez Hospital and Shiraz Mother and Child Hospital. These people were included in the study in an accessible and purposeful way. Patients with mean ± standard deviation of age (34.58 ± 14.46 years), height (165.42 ± 9.876 cm), weight (pre-test: 112.58 ± 22.31 kg and post-test : 78.08±17.26 kg) and body mass index (pre-test: 40.9±5.59 and post-test: 28.47±5.44 kg/m2) were selected. Before and 12 weeks after bariatric surgery, some morphological and functional indicators of the heart were examined by echocardiography. The physical activity program based on the rules of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the diet plan based on the textbook of the Bariatric Surgery Society (ASMBS) for a period of 12 weeks were provided to the patients by the surgeon. Considering the normality of the data through the Shapiro-Wilk test, to determine the difference between the two pre-test-post-test times, using the t-paired test and to determine the degree of correlation using the Pearson correlation test, and in the section of non-parametric statistics (qualitative data) using Wilcoxon test and Spearman's correlation test were used. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the normality of the data, and after examining the results of the said test, the distribution of the data was not normal. A significance level of p<0.05 was considered.

 Between physical activity and selected food consumption pattern with the variables of interventricular wall thickness (r=0.825, p<0.05), posterior heart wall thickness (r=0.704, p<0.05), dimensions of the left atrium of the heart ( A significant negative correlation was seen with the level of physical activity along with diet.  Also, there was a significant decrease in the thickness of the wall between the two ventricles, the thickness of the posterior wall of the heart, and the diastolic dysfunction of the left ventricle in the post-test compared to the pre-test, and no significant difference was observed in the rest of the research variables between these times.

 Bariatric surgery with modification of diet and moderate-intensity physical activity based on ACSM can have a positive effect on some morphological and functional variables of the heart  and protect people from cardiovascular risks caused by obesity.

  Resistance training is one of the most effective methods to reduce fat tissue and   prevention of reducing muscle mass and strength loss (sarcopenia). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training on protein amounts of FOXO3, Murf1 and Atrogin-1 and also muscle strength of obese aged male rats.

Out of 30 Wistar male rats (age: 15 months and weight: 320 to 350 grams), 10 were separated as control group and the rest became obese under a high-fat diet for 12 weeks.  Then the obese rats (with Lee index higher than 310) were divided into two groups: obese control and resistance training. The resistance training group performed training program (ladder-climbing) for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week (3 sets of 8 reps with %25, %50, %75 and %100 of body weight). The amounts of FOXO3, Murf1 and Arogin-1 proteins were measured by ELISA method in soleus muscle. muscle strength was also measured by forelimb grip strength test. The levels of protein were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey and muscle strength were analyzed with ANCOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.

Compared to the control group, obesity increased FOXO3, Murf1 and Arogin-1 proteins (p=0.000) and decreased muscle strength (p=0.000) in the obese control group. on the other hand, resistance training decreased the values of FOXO3 (p=0.003), Murf1 (p=0.005) and Arogin-1 (p=0.012) and increased forelimb grip strength (p=0.000) in the training group compared to the obese control group.

Although obesity increased muscle atrophy markers, the results of this research showed that resistance training plays an important role in maintaining muscle mass and increasing muscle strength in obese aged rats by reducing muscle atrophy markers.

  Obesity is regarded as a complex disease which is associated with a disorder in fat metabolism and causes oxidative stress. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of two-week High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with thyme supplementation on lipid indices, oxidative stress, body composition, and aerobic capacity of the obese and overweight women.

In a semi-experimental study, 40 obese and overweight women, with a BMI≥25, body fat (38.92±3.80 %) and an average age (32.87±3.32 years), based on the fat percentage and BMI, were randomly divided into the four HIIT (five sessions per week), thyme supplement, exercise + supplement, and control groups. Thyme supplementation was in the form of an infusion (2 grams mixed with 150 ml of boiling water), which was consumed two times (two hours before and immediately after training). Body composition indices and blood samples were taken 24 hours before and after two-week HIIT exercises in order to evaluate and analyze LDL, HDL, MDA, and TAC indices. Analysis of covariance and Bonferroni’s Post Hoc Test were used for data analysis at a significance level of P≤0.05.

The findings indicated that there is a significant difference between the groups in HDL, MDA, TAC, and V̇O2max values (P<0.05). The difference was observed in V̇O2max and MDA between the exercise and exercise + supplemented control, as well as the supplement groups. The TAC of the thyme supplement and exercise + supplement consuming groups was higher in proportion to the other two groups. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the research groups in LDL and the body fat percentage variables (P>0.05).

It seems that consuming thyme tea for two weeks along with HIIT exercises improves the oxidative stress and some lipid profiles and can be apparently effective in improving the complications caused by obesity.

 hypothyroidism in addition to menopause has a double effect on depression in postmenopausal women, and sports activity improves mood by increasing neurotransmitters. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a period of whole body vibration course on depression, the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine indices in postmenopausal women with hypothyroidism.

In this semi experimental study, 20 postmenopausal women with hypothyroidism aged 46 to 57 were selected from Khorramabad city and divided into two groups of 10: control (C) and whole body vibration training (V). Group V performed these exercises for 12 weeks and three times a week, with a frequency of 30 to 50 Hz, with a range of 1 to 2 mm, applying 20 to 30 minutes of vibration and 5 to 15 minutes of upper and lower limb training. At the beginning and end of the study, blood serum serotonin and norepinephrine levels were measured using the ELISA method, depression was measured using the Beck questionnaire, body fat percentage, body mass index, and body weight. Due to the normality of data distribution, independent t and covariance statistical methods were used for analysis at a significance level of 0.05.

12 weeks of whole body vibration training in group V significantly increased the serum levels of serotonin (P=0.001), norepinephrine (P=0.001) and decreased depression (P=0.018) compared to the control group. There was also a significant decrease in body fat percentage (P=0.041), body mass index (P=0.044) and weight (P=0.047).

 It seems that vibration training may reduce depression in postmenopausal women with hypothyroidism by increasing serum serotonin and norepinephrine levels.

  Apoptosis is a type of programmed death that is important in regulating the balance between cell death and tissue growth. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training and curcumin supplement on apoptosis indicators such as TNF-α, NF-kB and Fas on hippocampal neurotoxicity caused by hydrogen peroxide consumption in male rats.

This is an experimental research in which 50 adult male Wistar rats weighing 20 ± 200 g and aged 8 weeks were randomly divided into 5 equal groups of saline, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, intense intermittent exercise + oxygenated water, curcumin supplement + hydrogen peroxide and intense intermittent exercise + Curcumin supplementation + hydrogen peroxide (n=10) were divided. H2O2 in the amount of 1 mmol per kg of body weight 3 times a week on even days and curcumin, 150 mg per kg of body weight per day, was used by gavage. The treadmill running program was performed for 8 weeks (five sessions per week with an intensity of 85-90 % of the maximum speed). At the end of the injection and training period, rats were extracted to evaluate changes in gene expression of hippocampal tissue. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA method at a significant level (α≥0.05).

 The findings showed that hydrogen peroxide injection led to a significant increase in the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, Fas genes (P=0.001). HIIT exercise and curcumin supplement each alone and together lead to decreasing changes in the expression of TNF-α, NF-κB, Fas (P=0.001), which shows the positive effect of exercise training and curcumin supplementation on the desired indicators.  

It seems so, exogenous injection of H2O2 has led to an increased the process of neuronal apoptosis. HIT exercises and curcumin supplement has been able to reduce the process of apoptosis.

The increase of galectin-3 and disturbance in the lipid profile are considered as risk factors for cardiac events in old age, and exercise has been proposed as a modulating solution to this situation. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of multicomponent training elderly.

In this s Quasi -experimental study, 40 inactive overweight elderly men with an age range of 60 to 75 years were selected using a targeted and accessible sampling method and were randomly assigned to two training and control groups. Multicomponent training including aerobic (40 to 65% of maximum heart rate), resistance (5 to 8 pressure perception according to OMNI) and balance sections was performed for eight weeks (3 sessions per week).  Galectin-3 by ELISA method, lipid profile by enzymatic method and psychological well-being by Riff questionnaire were measured.  Data were measured using independent t-tests, analysis of covariance and Pearson correlation.

Eight weeks of multicomponent training caused a significant decrease in galectin-3 (P=0.01), TG (P=0.001), TC (P=0.01), LDL (P=0.001), WHR (P=0.01), fat percentage (P=0.01) and a significant increase in HDL (P=0.01) and psychological well-being (P=0.01). Also, there was a positive correlation between the psychological well-being score with HDL (P=0.01) and an inverse correlation with Galectin-3 (P=0.01) and LDL (P=0.03).

Multicomponent training seem to reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cognitive disorders in the elderly by improving body composition and reducing galectin-3, fibrinogen, and blood lipids.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks of intense interval training on lipid profile, body composition indices and VO2max of overweight male smokers.

20 men with an average age of 46.41 ± 4.48 years and BMI (27.41±3.32), voluntarily participated in this study and were randomly divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group performed interval exercises for 6 weeks, 3 sessions per week. The exercises consisted of 10 steps of activity at 85-95% of maximum heart rate for 90 seconds, which was accompanied by 60 seconds of active recovery. Before and 48 hours after the exercises, fasting blood was taken from the subjects. Body composition indices and VO2max were also measured. Paired t-test, independent t-test and multivariate analysis of covariance was used for intra-group and inter-groups comparison.

A significant difference was observed between the post-test values of the training and control groups for VO2max (p=0.001) and HDL (p=0.016), but the post-test difference was not significant for TG, LDL, TC and anthropometric indices (p>0.05).  The results of the paired t-test in the training group showed that HDL and VO2max levels increased significantly compared to the pre-test (P < 0.05), but the changes in other lipoproteins, body fat percentage, abdominal circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio in the training group were not significant (p>0.05).

  Six weeks of intense interval training causes a significant increase in HDL and VO2max and non-significant decrease in some body composition indicators and TG, LDL, and TC levels in overweight male smokers.

Obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Sestrin-2 (SESN2) and Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) an important role in obesity and its complications. Exercise and some natural substances are known to play a valuable role in the treatment and prevention of obesity complications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Pilates training (PT) and resveratrol (RSV) on SESN2, LCN2, HOMA-IR and oxidative stress in obese middle-aged women.

In this clinical trial study, 40 overweight adult men (age 42.74±5.70 years, Body mass index: BMI 31.76±1.37 kg/m2) were selected from Tehran and randomly allocated into four groups; including Placebo (C), Pilates Training (PT), Resveratrol (RSV) and Pilates Training-Resveratrol (PTRSV). PT groups performed a moderate intensity exercise program for 8 weeks, 3 times/week. The RSV and PTRSV groups were provided with 500 mg RSV tablets daily in the morning. Serum SESN2 and LCN2 levels were measured by ELISA kit. Data were analyzed using an independent t-test and ANCOVA at a significance level of p<0.05.

It was observed a significant increase in SESN2 and a decrease in LCN2 in PT groups (P=0.034, P=0.046, respectively), RSV (P=0.017, P=0.040, respectively) and PTRSV (P=0.0001, respectively), P=0.0001) compared to C; and PTRSV compared to PT (P=0.011, P=0.037) and RSV (P=0.020, P=0.023 respectively).  Also, there was a significant increase in the GPX and a decrease in HOMA-IR and MDA in the PT, RSV and PTRSV groups compared to the C group; And PTRSV compared to PT and RSV groups (p<0.05).

PT and RSV counteract obesity-induced metabolic disorders by affecting SESN2, LCN2, oxidative stress and HOMA-IR. Therefore, the combination of PT and RSV is one of the effective solutions to prevent metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases in obese women.

The effect of exercise training in control of diabetes has been proved, but comparison of the effect of high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on the protective mechanisms of heart tissue is still not well known. So, the aim of this study was to compare the effect of HIIT and MICT on the Sirtuin-3 (SIRT3) and Heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) gene expression in heart tissue of high-fat diet and diabetic rats.

eighteen male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet for three months. After that, diabetes was induced by injecting 30 mg/kg streptozotocin intra peritoneally. Then the rats were divided into 3 groups of 6 rats including, HIIT, MICT, and control. Also, 6 rats were considered to investigate the effect of high-fat diet and diabetes on research variables in the healthy control group. During 8 weeks training protocol, the HIIT group performed 6 training sessions in the first week to 12 training sessions in the last week training sessions with intensity of 80-85% of the maximum speed. MICT group was run 50 to 55% of the maximum running speed which lasted from 25 minutes in the first week to 50 minutes in the final week. Finally, SIRT3 and HSP70 gene expression values ​​were measured in heart tissue by qRT-PCR method. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to analyze the data (P<0.05).

SIRT3 gene expression levels in the HIIT and MICT groups were significantly higher than the control group (P=0.001) and HSP70 gene expression levels in the HIIT group were lower than the control group (P=0.01). In addition, no significant difference was observed in SIRT3 and HSP70 values ​​in HIIT and MICT training (P≤0.05).

It seems that HIIT and MICT play a role in improving mitochondrial function by increasing SIRT3 expression; However, considering the decrease in HSP70 levels following HIIT, it seems that more studies with the approach of cell damage following high-intensity training are needed.

   Exercise training leads to the improvement of endothelial function; however, the effect of resistance training versus aerobic exercise on endothelial function is unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of resistance training versus aerobic training on endothelial function in adults.

A search was performed in the electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar until January 13, 2023 for studies of resistance training versus aerobic training on the FMD (flow-mediated dilation) index. The keywords used included "resistance training", "aerobic training" and "endothelial function". Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval were calculated using CMA2 software in order to determine the effect size.

  A total of 12 studies with 473 participants were included to meta-analysis with age and BMI range 21 to 71 years and 24 to 32 kg/m2, respectively. The results of the present meta-analysis showed that both types of resistance and aerobic training lead to an improvement in FMD and there was no significant difference between the two types of training [-0.37 (CI: -1.17 to 0.43), p=0.549]. However, there was a high and significant heterogeneity (I2=61.65, p=0.001).

The results of the present study showed that both resistance and aerobic training protocols lead to improvement of endothelial function in adults, which may lead to improvement of cardiovascular function and, subsequently, reduction of cardiovascular diseases induced mortality.

Pentraxin-3 and E-selectin glycoproteins are synthesized by endothelium cells, macrophages and myeloid cells during inflammation and play an essential role in heart attack patients. Considering the positive effects of aerobic rehabilitation on heart patients, the present research has investigated the anti-inflammatory response of an aerobic rehabilitation session accompanied by electrical stimulation in rats induced to myocardial infarction.

In this controlled experimental study with a control group, 50 rats (200±30 gram) were randomly divided into 5 groups: healthy, infarcted, infarcted-aerobic rehabilitation, infarcted-electrical stimulation, and infarcted-aerobic rehabilitation-electrical stimulation. Then infarction was induced by subcutaneous injection of Isoproterenol. The intervention groups underwent aerobic rehabilitation (treadmill at a speed of 20 m/min for 1 hour) and electrical stimulation (with foot shock for 0.5 mA and 20 minutes) for one session. Then, immediately after the intervention, the serum levels of the variables were checked by ELISA method. Data analysis was done with one-way ANOVA test and P<0.05 significance.

The results showed that infarct induction led to a significant increase in pentraxin-3 and E-Selectin serum levels in the present study (P=0.0001). Performing rehabilitation and a combination of rehabilitation and electrical stimulation had no significant effect on pentraxin-3 values (P=0.943). But E-selectin concentration was decreased in all groups compared to infarction, and this change was significant in rehabilitation and electrical stimulation group (P=0.044).

It seems that aerobic rehabilitation, electrical stimulation, and a combination of them by reducing E-selectin levels can be effective in improving the condition of myocardial infarction samples by reducing inflammation.

    Physical activity can play an important role in fat tissue by regulating and modulating adipokines. As a result of inducing the release of useful adipokines from fat tissue, it can be one of the effects of doing physical activities. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of training in water on the levels of omentin-1 and chemerin in inactive obese women.

 The current semi-experimental research with a pre-test and post-test design was conducted on 20 inactive obese women with two experimental (10 people) and control (10 people) groups in the age range of 30 to 35 years. The experimental group did the exercise program in water for 12 weeks and 3 sessions every week for 60 minutes with an intensity of 60-75% of the maximum heart rate, and during this period the control group did not participate in any physical activity. Blood samples were taken from the experimental and control groups before and after 48 hours after the last training session and after 10-12 hours of fasting to measure the desired indicators. The research data was analyzed using paired and independent t-test at a significance level of 5%.

Performing 12 weeks of exercise in the water caused a significantly increase in omentin-1 (p=0.02). In comparison with the control group, exercise in water decreased the amount of chemerin (p=0.04).

It seems that exercising in water, by increasing omentin-1 and decreasing chemerin, has an important role in reducing weight and body mass index, and the changes of these factors are very effective in preventing diseases related to obesity.