نشریه مرمت و معماری ایران
پیاپی 33 (بهار 1402)

Urban context and environment and changes thereto, are among the factors affecting place attachment that by itself influences different personal and social features like personal relationships and feelings. Depending on how environmental changes and place attachment influence each other, the way users perceive environmental changes is different regarding their attachment to place. The way of perception has different consequences and responses from the users. Few studies have been conducted on the way in which people perceive environmental changes regarding place attachment. Little attention has been paid to the relationship between place attachment and the way of perception of urban changes in most of the studies, and these studies are more descriptive than experimental, being more concerned with individual and their individual characteristics. The present paper aims to examine how people perceive, interpret, evaluate and respond to the various environmental changes especially physical, regarding people's attachment to place.
This study was conducted using content analysis and Grounded Theory methods and with inductive and interrogative strategy. Its purpose is to achieve a model related to how the residents of Daryan No and Eastern Marzdaran neighborhoods (located in District 2 of Tehran) perceive and respond to environmental changes by discovering concepts and categories and the relationship between them. Finally, based on the users' perception, it was found that place attachment caused by urban physical changes has dimensions including: non-physical factors, type of physical changes and its speed and extent, psychological responses (psychological feelings and motivations) and practical responses. It is formed in a specific time and place. Based on the results, the response to changes can be defined as two categories of either stay or move (displacement) with different physical to behavioral actions.

Lime-based mortars have been highly acceptable and preferred for conservation and restoration since a long time ago for their acceptable features towards moisture. Meanwhile, there is an ascending moisture problem in the majority of the archaeological sites having been converted into museum with the conservation of the remnants resulting from excavations (such as bone remnants and buried objects). Accordingly, it seems that use of compatible mortars is one of the best methods for reducing the moisture’s damage, considering the urgent need for the stabilization of the graves’ collapsing bodies and isolation of their floors. The preset study concentrates on the graves and skeleton remnants in Tabriz Iron Age Museum Site and aims at stabilization of the graves’ bodies as well as reburial of the historical bones and preventing them from exposure to ascending moisture through the use of lime-based mortars optimized by natural pozzolans, rice husk ashes, manure and wood. The results obtained from the physical tests (densitometry, prorosimetry, water absorption analysis and capillarity) and strength tests (accelerated aging experiments including wetting and drying cycles, freezing and defrosting and salt cycle and endurance) on various mortar rates indicated that the combinations made of pozzolans and manure ash feature better physical endurance properties as evidenced in the strength tests. According to the above findings, the mortar reinforced with the manure ash was selected for the conservation and restoration of the body and floor of the graves in Tabriz Iron Age Museum Site. The results of such measures were found promising after the passage of two years.

Basing on the archaeological evidences, making stucco and glass latticework windows in Iran dates back to the tenth century AD in Nishapur. One of the methods for making this kind of windows is making two-layered perforated stucco with colorful glasses, which is the subject of current study based on analysis and observations on two historical stucco and glass windows preserved in the ICHTO office of Isfahan. Current study uses optical observation and laboratory tests on two cases of historical two-layered perforated stucco windows to characterize the method of work. Wet chemical tests, FTIR spectroscopy, FE-SEM and XRF analysis used on the samples. Results showed the requirement of use of a wooden frame for more stability during forming in big size windows and starting the work on a rigid backing probably covered with oil as release agent. Two layers of gypsum mortar used in this process, which one is more watery and mixed with an organic material to slow down the setting process. After pouring mortar and the first phase of setting, stucco master used a compass to draw the main geometric lines. Then the first layer removed and the master made finer motifs on the second layer inside the frames made by thicker arms of stucco. The last phase was adhering colorful glasses with a gypsum-adhesive paste on the back of perforated part after removing the rigid backing. Coating the window with oil to reduce the vulnerability of gypsum against humidity is a finishing process after setting of mortar. Evidence of oil showed in FTIR analysis on the extracted samples.

Karbandi is one of the most important geometrical sciences in the Islamic arts of Iran, which plays an important role in arranging interior spaces. Their shape, structure, gender and structural role are among the important issues that have given a special variety to the applications. Despite its importance, research in this field has not been as deep as it should be. With the aim of knowing the theoretical geometry system of applications and based on the peripheral circle, the Two-legged plumb type of vertical mold is the basis of the research. The research follows two main questions. First of all, what are the changes in the frequency of connection methods, dimensional fit and geometric ratios in the field of two-legged applications of Shagholi mold? The second question is what are the types of applications of bipeds and their geometric proportions. Based on library studies and theoretical analysis, through the circumscribed circle, the theoretical geometry of 205 states from Two Impost plumb Rasmi-Bandi of 8 to 24 has been studied and by removing the Sanbooseh, the types, connection modes and number of possible modes in these samples have been classified. The results show that a large number of two-legs of Rasmi follow the rules of the Fibonacci golden ratio and the golden number Φ. The findings show that biped formal 8 has the least number of frequencies (one type of state) and biped formal 22 and 24 has the highest number of frequencies (48 different types of states) and with the increase of the two-legged formal type from 8 to 24, the frequency of that formal also becomes more or equal to the two-legged formal before it; The results show that as the number of connections increases, the frequency of the number of two-legged formals will also increase, and a large number of two-legged formal fields follow the laws of the Fibonacci golden ratio and the golden number Φ.

<span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,">Certainly, one of the creative inventions after the rise of Islam within the geographical territories of Islamic rulings, is the artistic method that we now know as Lustre. Three alters in the museum and the plinths of the holly Razavi shrine, also the inscribed tiles all-around the northern wall of the (Dar-al-hifaz), are some examples of that era.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,">The aim is to look at the inscribed tiles all-around the northern wall of the (dar-al-hifaz porch), to analyse them from, visual and technical aspects. Thia article based on some historical dating of part of these inscribed tiles, they date back to the Jamadi-al-aval of the year 612 Hijri. Therefore What historical information and meaning can be found within this entrance?</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,"> The study of continuity of this work, around the entrance to the Imam Reza’s Holly shrine, that has been conducted from the Dar-o-l-hefaz  direction, can clarify this point: the writings on these tiles tell us about the efforts undertaken by the powerful and the prominent more than 800 years ago to show that Alavian were the right full owners who had been under the Abbasid rulings. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,">The presence of this caliphate has meant that over the years, the Sunni Moslems have paid extra attention to the fact that this in fact remains a holly and special place and not a place for an ordinary descendant of the Abdolmottaleb like Haroon Alrashid. But is a holly resting place of a special descendant of the Prophet Muhammad and his son-in-law, Amir Almonenin. This kind of representation is rather similar to the famous Hadith called : “Selselatol Zahb” meaning the chain made of gold; which in reality has been made with the gold lustre imagery, depicting every ancestors name introducing the Imam’s martyrdom in detail and reminding us that he in fact was an important descendant of the prophet Muhammad himself.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,">The acceptance of the legitimacy of him as the true Imam or leader of the Shi’ite Moslems, distinguishes him from those of the Ismaili and Zeydi faiths. In the centre of this collection is the emphasis on this depiction. There is also a poem describing this detail that reminds us of its legitimacy. These are all within the taut thread in Azure within these tiles in style of Regha and Kufi writings. These inscriptions in Arabesque traceries, form a voluminous and significant result.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span sans-serif="" style="font-family:Calibri,">The tile’s golden background becomes the Hu of this play with light, which moves with the observer’s movements. And gives the  illusion that the tile is in fact made of gold colour metal or even real gold itself. Where the bass relief is more prominent, the illusion becomes even more dazzling. Producing the “Rozat-o-l monavare”. In reality, the shape and essence of this amazing creation, is like a golden leaf taken form the pages of an exquisite book of Koran.  Inviting the by lookers to drink in its vastness and because of it, know and appreciate the gracious Imam whose body and memory lies within its walls.</span></span></span><span style="font-family:"Times New Roman","serif""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
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Today, strategic spatial planning is considered worldwide as a way to shape urban growth in response to the inefficiency of traditional planning methods. In Iran, with the preparation of strategic structural plans in the 70s and strategic urban development plans in the 80s, an attempt was made to change the attitude from comprehensive-traditional planning to strategic planning. These plans, however, were theoretically based on strategic spatial planning. But for several reasons including; Lack of knowledge of the factors affecting the application of strategic spatial planning and the lack of an appropriate theoretical model can not be sustainable and effective in the urban planning system of the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the factors affecting the application of strategic spatial planning and to create a suitable theoretical model for the application of this type of planning. In the present study, according to the quiddity of the main research question (How is the appropriate theoretical model for the implementation of strategic space planning in Isfahan?) and its philosophical orientation, Qualitative research methods have been used and among them, the Grounded theory method with respect to abstract thinking and theorizing capabilities is selected. Data were collected through review of theoretical literature, research results on the failure of previous experimental efforts in the country and interviews with 7 urban planning experts in Isfahan and analyzed using the comparison method in three stages (open, axial and selective coding) and was analyzed. Data analysis showed that the implementation of the proposed theory of strategic spatial planning has 21 main categories in the form of 6 main categories including: 1. open access order, 2. outputs, 3. strategic spatial planning methods, 4. content and Background, 5. Institutional capacity and participation. Accordingly, the fulfilment of strategic spatial planning depends on institutional capacity building to create open access conditions by determining strategies and paying attention to the institutional context and environment of planning. Consequences of using spatial strategic planning in the form of five main categories including: social programs, documents, programs, urban management. . To be. Acceptance and reduction of transaction costs occur. The results of the research show; Legal structures, institutional capacity building and institutional arrangements, especially open access orders, have a decisive effect on the implementation of strategic spatial planning in the city of Isfahan.