Journal of Physical Activity and Hormones
Volume:5 Issue: 1, Winter 2021

Increasing evidence demonstrated that there are altered levels of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and pointed out that immune dysfunction may also relate to social deficits. This study investigated the effect of aquatic exercise combined with vitamin D supplementation on social interaction and two related cytokines (Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-10) in children with ASD.

Forty boys with ASD (mean age: 10.90; age range: 6–14 years) were randomly assigned to the three interventions (groups 1, 2, and 3) and one control group (each 10 participants). Participants in the group 1 and 3 received a 10-week aquatic exercise program. Subjects in groups 2 and 3 took orally 50,000 IU of vitamin D3/ week. We evaluated the serum levels of IL-6 and IL-10 and the participants' social interaction at baseline and post-intervention.

 Compared to the control group, all three interventions improved social skills scores (p< 0.001). surprisingly, the combination strategy could significantly reduce IL-6 and increase IL-10 serum levels in children with ASD (p< 0.001).

It is recommended that aqua-based exercise programs combined with vitamin D supplementation maximize the improvement of social and communication dysfunction in children with ASD.

This study aimed to examine the impact of aerobic exercise and diet on physical fitness and blood glucose regulation in type I diabetes patients.

The study aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week combined exercise program on the blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and aerobic and anaerobic capacity of 40 eligible volunteer children aged 11-15 years. The participants were randomly divided into two groups: control and experimental. The exercise program included pilates, weight-bearing, and aerobic exercises and was conducted three times a week for one hour. The participant's blood sugar, HbA1c, and aerobic and anaerobic capacity were measured before and after training. The data was analyzed using SPSS software version 26 at a significance level 0.05.

 After conducting a paired t-test, it was found that the control group showed a significant increase in body mass index and waist circumference. In contrast, the experimental group showed a significant decrease in fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin levels and an increase in aerobic and anaerobic capacity (P<0.05). When comparing the two groups, it was observed that the experimental group had a significant decrease in waist size, FBS, and HbA1c and a significant increase in aerobic and anaerobic power (P<0.05). No significant difference was observed in other research variables.

Based on the available evidence, it is likely that engaging in a combination of exercises would lead to improvements in anthropometric indices and glucose homeostasis.

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurological disorder. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of exercise training with the consumption of olive extract on maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max), phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and protein kinase B (AKT) in rats with Parkinson.

 The samples of this experimental study included male Wistar rats (n = 30, 8 weeks old, 200 ± 50 g). Animals were randomly divided into six groups: control (C), Parkinson's (P), Parkinson's with olive extract (P+OE), Parkinson's with exercise (P+E), Parkinson's with olive extract and exercise (P+OE+E), and olive extract with exercise (OE+E) group (n = 5 per group). The training groups performed aerobic and resistance exercises for eight weeks (5 sessions per week) and were given olive extract by gavage. VO2 max was assessed at the end of the fourth and eighth weeks of exercise. One day after the intervention, rats were sacrificed, and tissues were removed and examined for real-time PCR. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that a period of exercise training combined with the consumption of olive extract significantly increased the VO2 max in rats with Parkinson's disease (P < 0.05). The expression of the PTEN gene decreased in OE+E, P+OE+E, and P+E groups compared to P+OE and Parkinson's groups (P<0.05). AKT gene expression in all intervention groups significantly increased compared to the Parkinson's group (P<0.05).

 The results suggest that a period of exercise with the consumption of olive extract probably can increase the VO2 max and AKT and decrease PTEN in rats with Parkinson's disease.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, degenerative brain disease that causes severe thinking and memory impairment, and there is no definitive treatment for this disease. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of resistance training along with the consumption of saffron extract on spatial memory and tau accumulation in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's male rats.

In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats were randomly divided into 4 Alzheimer's groups, including control, resistance exercise, resistance exercise, and supplement. Alzheimer's was induced by injecting amyloid beta 42-1 into the hippocampus. Resistance exercises were performed for 12 weeks, including three sessions per week. Y Maze test was used to measure spatial memory, and Tau protein was measured by the ELISA method. One-way analysis of variance tests was used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that after 12 weeks of resistance training with saffron supplement, there was a significant increase in spatial memory performance in the intervention groups compared to the control group (P < 0.5). Also, regarding the amount of tau protein accumulation in the aerobic exercise group, aerobic exercise, and extract showed a significant decrease compared to the control group (P < 0.5).

It seems that resistance exercise and consumption of saffron extract improve spatial memory performance and reduce the accumulation of tau protein in the hippocampal tissue of Alzheimer's male rats.

 The main aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with two different intensities on body composition, aerobic capacity, and salivary hormones of overweight men. 35 overweight male volunteers (mean age 31.3 ± 3.3 years, height 170.5 ± 4, weight 77.42 ± 6.2) were randomly divided into three groups of high-intensity aerobic exercise (HIAT, 12 people) and low-intensity exercise. (LIAT, n=12) and control group (CG, n=11). Body composition (WHR, BMI, fat percentage, lean body mass), VO2 max, salivary cortisol, testosterone, and lactate dehydrogenase were evaluated before and after the 8-week training program. Paired t-test and ANOVA were used for statistical analysis (P<0.05). The results of this study showed that high-intensity aerobic training significantly decreased weight, BMI, and fat percentage and increased cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase hormones in this training group. Low-intensity aerobic exercise led to an increase in testosterone (P<0.05). The results of our research revealed that high-intensity aerobic exercise induces weight loss, enhances body composition, and elevates cortisol and lactate dehydrogenase hormones in overweight men. while low-intensity aerobic exercise increases testosterone levels.

 Studies show that the effects of different types of physical activity vary in various intensities and periods on body composition, lipid profile, and liver enzymes in men and women with varying levels of age, fitness, and health. Anethum herbal supplement can reduce cholesterol and triglycerides and help prevent and treat atherosclerosis. The effects of Anethum in interaction with exercise on blood lipids, body composition, and liver enzymes are unclear.

 28 healthy and inactive male obese volunteers (age 20-30 years old) were randomly divided into four groups: Training, Anethum, Training+Anethum, and Control group. Independent variables included performing eight weeks of aerobic training and taking 650 mg of Anethum tablets for eight weeks, three times a day after meals. Dependent variables included lipid profile factors, body composition, and serum levels of liver enzymes. The intensity of aerobic training was set at 50 - 75% Vo2max using the HRR method to observe the principle of increasing overload. The main stage of training consisted of 45 minutes of aerobic activities. Paired samples t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc test were used to determine the within-groups and between-groups differences, respectively, at a significance level of 5%.

Performing eight weeks of aerobic training combined with Anethum herbal supplementation reduces LDL_c, TC, TG, BMI, WHR, ALT, ALP, and AST in the fasting state of inactive obese men(P<0.05). These variables' reduction rate was more significant in all intervention groups than in the control group. However, the groups did not observe significant differences (P>0.05).

Therefore, to lose weight, blood lipids, and liver enzymes, intend to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, probably, performing aerobic exercises along with taking Antom tablets has a greater effect in reducing lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease.

 Although the effectiveness of exercise in improving the markers of metabolic syndrome in diabetes is well documented, there is less certainty about the relative effectiveness of different types of exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of circuit resistance training (CRT) and jogging exercise training on lipid profile, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting blood sugar (FBS), blood pressure, and waist circumference (WC) in female subjects with type 2 diabetes. Thirty obese and overweight women with type 2 diabetes with a (mean ± SD: age, 51.37±5.56 years and body mass index (BMI), 31.34±3.09 kg/m2 were randomized to CRT (n=10) (8 stations with 40- 65% 1RM), jogging training (n=10) (25-50 min with 45-75% of target heart rate) or control group (n=10). Exercise training was performed three times a week for 12 weeks. Anthropometric measures, blood samples, and blood pressure were recorded before and after the exercise intervention and for the control group. A covariance analysis test was used to compare the groups to analyze the influences of exercise training on MS markers. HbA1c in the circuit resistance training group was significantly improved compared to the control group (P = 0.01), but no significant difference was observed in the jogging group. Additionally, a decrease in total cholesterol (TC) was observed in both CRT (P = 0.01) and jogging groups (P = 0.01). Both training groups differed significantly from the control group (P <0.05). No significant improvement was observed in FBS, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), waist circumference, and blood pressure (P >0.05). It can be concluded that twelve-week circuit resistance training with moderate intensity significantly improved HbA1c and total cholesterol and that jogging exercise training was practical for total cholesterol. It is recommended that patients with type 2 diabetes are encouraged to perform both jogging and circuit resistance training with moderate frequency, duration, and intensity.

 Climbing and exercising at high altitudes increase the number of free radicals and reduce the level of antioxidant enzymes in the human body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of three weeks of green tea supplementation before climbing on serum levels of glutathione peroxidase and malondialdehyde in young non-professional female climbers.

This research was a quasi-experimental study. Twenty-four females (mean age 26.42 ± 7.10 years, weight 58.46 ± 7.96 kg, height 162.50 ± 5.87 cm, and body mass index 22.23 ± 2.67) were recruited voluntarily from a club in Rasht who were randomly divided into two groups: experimental group (EG) and control group (CG). EG consumed green tea daily (20g per day). At the end of the third week, both groups climbed to the Peak of Shah Moallem (3085 meters). In both groups, diet control was performed over three weeks. To measure plasma levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malonyl dialdehyde (MDA), blood samples were taken in three stages: before green tea supplement consumption, pre and post-climb.

The results showed that compared to CG, the increase of MDA after climbing to the altitude was significantly lower (p= 0/02(. Compared to the CG, the amount of plasma GPx increased significantly in the EG after climbing to the height (P=0/001). The results of the research showed the improvement of redox state in mountain climbers after consuming green tea.

 The results of this research showed that consuming green tea before climbing to high altitudes can improve the performance of the antioxidant system in climbers.