نشریه راهبردهای کارآفرینی در کشاورزی
پیاپی 19 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Innovation and changeing are becoming important sources of competitive advantage for organizations in today's rapidly changing to environment. In this situation, entrepreneurial orientation is very important for organizations in improving the job performance of employees and guaranteeing a source of sustainable growth. Organizations can ensure a sustainable competitive advantage by searching for pure opportunities through innovative activities, with an entrepreneurial orientation to risk-taking and continue to grow in this era of change. Therefore, there is a growing theoretical and practical interest in entrepreneurial orientation as a main factor to improve organizational performance and pursue growth. Therefor, the aim of the current research is to determine the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on the job performance of the employees of Mazandaran Agricultural Jahad Organization, considering the mediating role of innovative behavior.

In terms of purpose, this research is applied, and in terms of data collection, it is a descriptive research and a branch of field studies, and in terms of the relationship between research variables, it is causal. The statistical population of the present study is 440 employees of Mazandaran Agricultural Jahad Organization. In this research, 214 people were selected as a sample using the simple random sampling method and the Karjesi-Morgan table. Research data were collected using standard questionnaires. In this research, the methods of "content validity" and "construct validity" were used by a group of experts to check the validity of the questionnaire. Its reliability was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, which was determined to measure entrepreneurial orientation (0.875), innovative behavior (0.899) and job performance (0.876).

The results of structural equation modeling showed that entrepreneurial orientation has a direct and significant effect on job performance and innovative behavior; Also, the positive and significant effect of innovative behavior on job performance was confirmed. Finally, the mediating role of innovative behavior, the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and job performance was confirmed.

Based on the findings of the research, thinking of measures to increase the innovative behavior and entrepreneurial activities of the employees of Mazandaran Agricultural Jahad Organization can lead to the improvement and increase of their job performance in this organization.

Small and medium-sized (SME) businesses are the economic backbone of societies because they provide employment, production, exports, poverty reduction, economic power, and economic development. The present study investigates the factors affecting the role of entrepreneurial attitude in the innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises in Malayer county.

This study was quantitative and it is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of data collection. It used SPSS software for data analysis. also, it used AMOS software for path analysis. According to Cochran's formula (1967), there were 211 small and medium-sized businesses in Malayer County out of the 470 small and medium-sized businesses that made up the statistical population.

Findings of the study showed that government support, access to infrastructure, entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurial attitude, and leadership of business owners significantly affect the innovation of small and medium-sized service and manufacturing companies. Entrepreneurship education and business leadership, directly and indirectly, affect innovation in small and medium-sized service and manufacturing companies through the mediating variable of entrepreneurial attitude.

Findings of this study suggest that government assistance, infrastructure availability, corporate leadership, entrepreneurship training, and entrepreneurial mindset all had an impact on small service and industrial firms' capacity for innovation. The leadership of business owners and entrepreneurship education to innovate small firms are mediated by the entrepreneurial mentality of business owners.

In the current economy, agritourism is an amusement based on activities that are trad itionally done on agricultural fields or at home, and tourists can participate in it actively or inactive. The researchers of this field offer the socio-cultural, environmental and economic dimensions of investment due to a set of three stable levels. Entrepreneurship and development of agricultural tourism businesses is one of the areas that has played a very important role in the development of the national and regional tourism industry, especially in creating employment. Other important issues in this area are the epidemic crises and the future critical climate conditions compared to the decrease in global rainfall.

In terms of the purpose of this research, it is an applied research in which the effect of corporate social responsibility behaviors in five dimensions: society, employees, environment, heritage, products and shared experience, in the direction of entrepreneurship of agritourism businesses in less developed areas. In addition, the research method is included in the field of survey descriptive research. By using Cochran's formula, the statistical population of the research is a set of 384 people, including participants in agritourism entrepreneurship. The data was obtained from a questionnaire method with a reliability rate of 0.60, and descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (regression analysis) were used to identify the effective factors. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis.

The results showed that the attention and application of the five factors of CSR (organizational social responsibility dimensions) in agritourism entrepreneurship organizations and centers, especially in times of crisis, played an important role in creating entrepreneurship in agritourism businesses and maintaining the local workforce in crisis conditions. According to the use of the exploratory factor analysis method, and with the assurance of the possibility of using the available data to analyze and use the KMO index, and Bartlett's test, the research results have reached an acceptable level. Active strategies have had a positive effect on the performance of agritourism businesses, according to reactive strategies with a negative direct effect and a positive indirect effect on the performance of such activities.

The results of this research show the correct application of the factors of cooperative social responsibility strategies (local community, employees, environment, heritage and products, and the experience of shared creation). In addition to increasing productivity in agritourism businesses, we will witness a positive and significant impact on entrepreneurship in rural areas, the use of local labor and its preservation. By using existing local resources such as gardens and agricultural lands (Tourism and Agriculture Zone, Oramanat), positive effects in the regional economy cycle and the resources needed to create a tourism experience increase. This analysis emphasizes the effect of proactive and reactive dual strategies on promoting entrepreneurship and improving the performance of agritourism businesses. It also causes the development of local and agricultural infrastructure and the use of regional facilities, the local economy, and prevents the indiscriminate migration of the local workforce.

With the outbreak of Covid-19, tourism-related businesses in rural areas were affected by the restrictions imposed during the outbreak of this disease. The main purpose of this research was to examine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism-related rural businesses in the Corona epidemic in order to assess the internal and external aspects of tourism-related rural businesses and explain strategies for reducing the risks of Corona.

In the statistical population of the research, 12 experts, managers and key informants of the tourism sector of Mazandaran province were selected by purposeful sampling method. Data analysis was done through face-to-face and telephone semi-structured interviews and note taking through qualitative content analysis technique with an inductive approach and MAXQDA software. In order to determine validity, the triangulation technique including: the use of confirmatory sources, researchers and multiple methods during the process of data collection and analysis was used, Also, in order to ensure the reliability, the accuracy of conducting interviews, creating a structured process for conducting and interpreting interviews and forming a specialized committee have been used.

The research findings were presented in the form of four main themes (concepts) of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and 19 sub-themes (codes). The results of qualitative content analysis showed four strengths, five weaknesses, six opportunities and four threats in rural businesses related to tourism in the face of Corona. According to the research findings, extension of health culture and individual and group health, capacity building and empowerment of local communities, economic problems of income reduction and unemployment of people and the risk of tourism investment, respectively have been stated as the most important strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats. These results provide an opportunity to the managers and those involved in the development of rural tourism to provide the necessary conditions for reducing the risks of Covid-19 in various sectors of rural businesses and agriculture, as well as, the supply chain of agricultural products by removing the obstacles.

According to the research findings in order to management of tourism-related rural businesses, the importance of the tourism supply chain by diversifying tourism-related activities, paying attention to innovative approaches for healthy food tourism with the increasing role of consumer and tourist preferences, the use of new technologies in green tourism, development of electronic tourism services, development and support of knowledge-based and technological companies in the field of agricultural and rural tourism such as medicinal plants and forest tourism, allocation of financial aid and support facilities to create support and unemployment insurance for individual businesses of tourism activists, creating cooperatives and non-governmental and volunteer organizations specializing in local planning, developing community-oriented tourism projects and supporting the most vulnerable people in rural areas, are the most important ways to manage the risks of Corona in tourism-related businesses.

In recent years, researchers have studied the factors affecting the performance of agricultural businesses and have identified entrepreneurial marketing as one of the new approaches and innovative solutions to maintain the survival and increase the income of this Businesses have introduced. In this regard, the current integrated research (qualitative-quantitative) was conducted with the aim of identifying and classifying the determinants of entrepreneurial marketing among gardeners in Kermanshah city based on the three-pronged model.

In terms of the general paradigm, the present research is of the type of integrated studies (qualitative-quantitative) and in terms of the purpose, it is considered to be of the type of applied studies. In the qualitative part, which was conducted with the aim of identifying and classifying the determinants of entrepreneurial marketing among gardeners in Kermanshah city based on the three-pronged model, the Delphi method was used. The community studied in this section included 16 experienced gardeners and 14 experts and horticultural specialists active in Kermanshah city. In this part of the study, in-depth individual interviews and focused group discussions were used to collect data. In the quantitative part, which was carried out with the aim of validating the entrepreneurial marketing model among gardeners in Kermanshah city, the descriptive-correlation method with the partial least squares approach (Smart PLS) was used. The statistical population in the quantitative part was all the users of the horticulture department of Kermanshah (N=3362) who were selected for the study by using the stratified sampling method and proportional assignment and using the Karjesi and Morgan table. SPSS and Smart PLS software used to analyze the data in two sections of descriptive and inferential statistics.

The results of the Delphi study led to the extraction of 28 items effective on entrepreneurial marketing among gardeners in Kermanshah city, and further, using the three-pronged model, these items were divided into three classes: behavioral factors (9 items), structural factors (7). item) and background factors (12 items) were classified. The results of the quantitative part of the study showed that the status of behavioral and contextual factors among the gardeners of Kermanshah city was lower than the average level, and the status of the structural factor was slightly higher than the average level. Also, the findings of the study indicated that gardeners in Kermanshah had average entrepreneurial marketing skills. Finally, the findings of the structural equation modeling section indicated that about 89% of entrepreneurial marketing changes are explained by the items identified in the research in the form of three-pronged factors (behavioral, structural and contextual).

Improving the state of entrepreneurial marketing among gardeners in Kermanshah requires planning and special attention of officials and planners to behavioral, contextual and structural factors, based on the findings of this study; suggestions have been made to achieve this goal.

One Village, One Product (OVOP) approach, it empowers a village to produce a competitive and salable product, taking into account its local resources to achieve sales income in the market and the local economy. A community-oriented economic development approach is based on demand and use of regional resources, regional capacity with emphasis on the three basic principles of being local and at the same time thinking globally, self-reliance and creativity and human resource development. The main purpose of this research is to categorize the explanatory components of the establishment of the One Village, One Product (OVOP) strategy for entrepreneurship from the perspective of the villagers in Nahormian village, Zalian district, Shazand county.

The research is of applied type and its statistical population includes 5550 people from the villagers of Nahramian district. Sampling was done by multi-stage random sampling method with proportional assignment and the sample size was determined to be 160 people based on Cochran's formula. The research tool was a questionnaire whose validity (form and content) was confirmed by the experts of the Omid Entrepreneurship Fund, the rural development experts of the Agricultural Jihad and the faculty members of the Department of Geography and Rural Planning of Khorazmi University, and its trust and reliability were done with Cronbach's alpha. In the analytical statistics section, according to the research objectives, the exploratory factor analysis method with spss software was used.

In the field of indicators affecting the establishment of the OVOP strategy for entrepreneurship from the villagers' point of view, "quality of products", "activity with a competitive advantage" and "production at the local level for the global market" are the first priorities and "quality of products", "activity with a competitive advantage" And "local production for the global market", "communication and ICT services", "government support" ,"participation and cooperation in agriculture" have been the last priorities. According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis, the seven factors of innovation and creativity, sales and marketing, comparative advantage and competitiveness, human and social capital, social participation, support-infrastructure and reducing the economic gap were the most important factors explaining the establishment of the OVOP strategy from the perspective of the villagers. The mentioned seven factors were able to explain 68.27% of the total variance of the variables.

OVOP, as a rural development strategy and driver of rural economic development, requires attention to innovative and knowledge-based villages for reducing poverty in rural areas. It is important to pay attention to the goal of proper optimization of local resources and allocation of capital and financial resources to manage local businesses and organize local cooperatives with a self-confidence and creativity approach. On the other hand, encouraging villagers to produce local products and government support for labeling and branding in the product value chain plays an important role in the development of the international market and product export and the development of rural entrepreneurship.

Today, start-up businesses are an inseparable part of the transformation process in global markets. Considering that in our country the acceptance of start-up businesses is increasing, we must look for a solution for the end of these businesses in the current highly competitive market, so the solution to this problem can be found in entrepreneurial exit. The purpose of this research is to design an entrepreneurial exit model with an emphasis on job burnout in start-up agricultural businesses.

The present research is of applied type and based on descriptive-correlation method. The method of collecting factors affecting entrepreneurial exit is identified through interviews with 10 experts, and interpretive structural modeling was used to design the model, and Micmac method with Excel software was used for clustering.

The results showed that the components of constant financial tensions, the occurrence of psychological problems, a decrease in self-confidence and excessive perfectionism at the first level and the lack of resilience spirit at the second level and the components of low quality of work life, lack of enthusiasm for work, intolerance of external problems at the level Third, the components of despair and lack of foresight at the fourth level, weak entrepreneurial personality traits at the fifth level, lack of business economic justification at the sixth level, mental exhaustion at the seventh level, components of not having suitable work experience, lack of attention to people's competence and communication challenges at the eighth level. And the components of inappropriate business environment, lack of sufficient knowledge are at the ninth level, and the components of inappropriate business environment, lack of business economic justification, lack of appropriate work experience, lack of attention to people's competence, communication challenges and lack of sufficient knowledge in the independent cluster, perfectionism components are more than limit, lack of foresight, lack of resilience spirit, occurrence of psychological problems, decrease in self-confidence, lack of enthusiasm for work and disappointment in the dependent cluster and components of low quality of work life, constant financial tensions, mental exhaustion, intolerance of job problems Strength and weakness of entrepreneurial personality traits were placed in the linked cluster.

The basis of the entrepreneurial exit model with an emphasis on job burnout in new agricultural businesses are the components of inappropriate business environment and lack of sufficient knowledge. Finally, it is suggested that training courses be held for the managers of start-up agricultural businesses and by teaching them suitable methods of exit, they will be helped to continue their entrepreneurial life and start-up agricultural businesses have turned into dynamic organizations for the participation of employees with high abilities so that they can adapt to the competitive environment.

Agriculture, as the main pillar of economic development, significantly contributes to the country's gross domestic product (GDP) and job creation. The sustainability process of the agricultural sector in economic indicators depends on the strategic planning of agricultural businesses based on existing capacities and limitations. In order to organize this process in line with the goals of the 6th Development Plan and implement the provisions of the law on improving the business environment and the law on increasing the productivity of the agricultural sector and natural resources, business engineering and investment opportunities in the agricultural sector are necessary. So, the purpose of this research was the strategic analysis of the development of agricultural businesses in Karaj County and identifying business development priorities.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and survey in terms of data collection, and interview tools and semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect information. The necessary data were collected from 10 academicians and public sector experts and 10 entrepreneurs and activists of the private agricultural sector of the province as a panel of experts. In this study to introduce business development strategies, the SWOT model was used. Also, according to the characteristics, capacities and natural, economic and social limitations, business priorities and investment opportunities in the agricultural sector of Karaj County were introduced.

In this research, the most important strength was "suitability of the region's climate, its diversity and fertility of the soil for agriculture", the strongest weakness was "change of land use and land fragmentation", the most valuable opportunity was "potential for commercialization of a diverse range of agricultural products" and finally, "inclination to construction due to the high added value of land" was introduced as the most important threat to the development of agricultural businesses from the point of view of experts. The comparison of the internal space (the average sum of strengths and weaknesses) and the external space (the average sum of opportunities and threats) of the development of agricultural businesses of Karaj County, showed that the space of the internal and external environment, respectively, has a final coefficient of (2.603 and 1.792) respectively which leads to the suggestion of competitive strategies (ST). Therefore, "amendment and implementation of land use change laws and prevention of construction in agricultural areas", "focusing on the development of agricultural businesses such as small and medium-scale conversion and complementary industries" and "adopting the approach of producing special and valuable products especially the extension and development of the production of healthy and organic products" were the most important strategies for the development of agricultural businesses of Karaj county.

Based on the findings of this research, it was found that the selection of development strategies as well as business priorities should be appropriate to the conditions and situation of the region. On this basis, creating or developing businesses in the fields of small and medium-scale transformation and complementary industries, agricultural settlements, animal husbandry and modern greenhouses, laboratory knowledge-based service units, standardization, quality certification, branding, production of vegetable and summer seeds and products, eco-tourism and agricultural tourism were suggested.

 The issue of employment and guiding the population of university graduates towards entrepreneurship has been and is one of the most challenging and favorite topics of researchers in this field. One of the basic questions in this field is why, in a relatively similar situation and context, some university graduates identify and operate entrepreneurial opportunities, while others do not have such ability? The answer to this multifaceted question can be investigated from various dimensions, one aspect of which, business intelligence indicators, has been considered in shaping the entrepreneurial future. 

 In the first step, by using the literature review and research background in the field of entrepreneurship and its relationship with business intelligence, 13 dimensions of business intelligence that can be effective in shaping the entrepreneurial future were identified. In the second step, quantitative methods in data mining (descriptive and predictive) were used to analyze the statistical population. To describe the research community, 401 students of Gorgan University of Agriculture and Natural Resources in 1401 were grouped and analyzed in three separate clusters using the Davis-Bouldin index. Also, artificial neural networks used to design a predictive model of students' entrepreneurial future.

 The results of the research showed that in the statistical population of the research, there is a significant difference between students in terms of having business intelligence so based on business intelligence indicators, students can be separated and differentiated into three clusters. The results in the modeling stage of predicting the entrepreneurial future of students using neural networks showed that business intelligence indicators have a high predictive ability and by using them, changes in the dependent variable can be predicted with an accuracy of 0.925. Also, the results of the sensitivity analysis of the importance of demographic variables confirmed the impact of these variables on shaping the entrepreneurial future.

 According to the results of the current research, it can be concluded that students are in a different situation from each other in terms of business intelligence indicators, which can play an important role in shaping their entrepreneurial future. Therefore, it is suggested that business intelligence indicators should be strengthened and improved through skill training courses, considering business intelligence indicators in the stages of student selection and selection, providing practical courses in the university, strengthening the relationship between industry and university, and introducing successful entrepreneurs to students.

Population changes, technology, inflation, unemployment, lack of development and other environmental factors have made human society face many challenges. In response to these problems, governments, organizations and public opinion have emphasized entrepreneurship and it is considered as the engine of economic development. Providing any solutions to solve the mentioned challenges requires identification of these problems. Th main purpose of current study was to recognize and categorize the inhibitors and obstacles of entrepreneurial activities development of agricultural business owners who are members of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund of Fars Province.

This descriptive study was conducted usind survey and the questionnaire to collect data. The face validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of the professors at Shira University as well as computing alpha Cronbach`s coefficient. The studied population was the members of Omid Entrepreneurship Fund of Fars province, from which a random sample of 70 individuals was selected.

The findings showed that individual-personality barriers, educational barriers, economic barriers, barriers related to structure and policy, and environmental-cultural barriers were the five main inhibitors in starting and developing entrepreneurial activities of members. According to the results, the entrepreneurial alertness of the respondents was at average level as an important part of the individual-personality factor. Based on findings, the business owners of Shiraz had higher entrepreneurial alertness than The Marvdasht entrepreneurs, significamtly. The entrepreneurial alertness of the respondents did not have any significant difference in terms of gender and the areas of work activity.

Based on the findings individual-personality barriers were considered as the most important obstacles in the entrepreneurial businesses` development. Among these, entrepreneurial alertness included a set of psychological characteristics that would be helpful for an entrepreneur to expand his business. On the other side, an entrepreneur who is weak in the entrepreneurial alertness `s dimensions, would be unable to develop his business and will face more problems and challenges than others. It was suggested to hold purposeful educational workshops regarding the strengthening of entrepreneurial psychological characteristics as well as marketing principles and methods, business rules, technical and managerial skills in order to improve the entrepreneurial activities of the members. In addition to that, improving the social networking and interpersonal and group communication among the members of Omid Entrepreneurship Funds as a union, introducing and encouraging the top entrepreneurs of each region and holding periodical meetings in the province and the country were also recommended to improve the access of entrepreneurs to the daily news of the world and updated and new information. Thus, under this circumastances, profitable opportunities will be identified by trained and active entrepreneurs, which will ultimately increase the level of entrepreneurial alertness of business owners.

Providing persistent employment in the agricultural sector is one of the most significant economic and social challenges. Regarding the high dependence of the agricultural sector on weather conditions, investigating the effect of climate change on the economy of this sector and the development of rural employment is of particular importance. In this regard, this research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of climate change on the economy of citrus production in Mazandaran province using the Ricardian approach.

The climatic variables studied in this research included the temperature and rainfall data of Mazandaran province from 2000 to 2017, and these data were received from Iran Meteorological Organization. The studied areas were seven synoptic stations, including Amol, Babolsar, Qarakhil, Nowshehr, Ramsar, Sari, and Siyabisheh. The two products of orange and tangerine with the largest cultivated area were considered as the most important citrus products. Climatic variables of minimum temperature, maximum temperature, and monthly rainfall were downscaled for the basic period (2000 to 2017), 2020, and 2080 under three scenarios of optimistic (RCP2.6), medium (RCP4.5), and pessimistic (RCP8.5).

In orange production, compared to the average net income in the basic period, changes in temperature and annual rainfall under the three scenarios will increase net income by 13.4, 14.5 and 25.2% as well as 14.3, 27.8 and 29.1% in 2050 and 2080, respectively. In tangerine production, the net income under the investigated scenarios will incline by 5.2, 6.7, and 17.7% as well as 6.2, 15.0, and 29.2% in 2050 and 2080, respectively.

In conclusion, the results obtained from examining the effect of climate change in 2050 and 2080 demonstrated the positive effect of changing climate variables on the net income of both products. Therefore, climate change can result in an upward trend in the net income obtained from citrus production and, consequently, the development of employment in this sector.

Covid-19 virus pandemic has seriously threatened the survival of the small and medium-sized businesses. So that they have used various approaches to overcome it. Small and medium-sized businesses in the agricultural and food processing industries were not exempt from the rule. Present study seeks to firstly study the innovation and innovation capability status among these businesses and then, to explain product and marketing innovation changes based on the innovation capability, process innovation and organizational innovation during the the covid-19 epidemic.

The current study is a type of descriptive-correlational research, which was carried out using the field survey technique among 500 small and medium-sized agricultural and food processing industries in Mazandaran province. Using Krejcie and Morgan’s table and also completely random sampling  217 businesses were selected as the study sample. The research instrument was a structured questionnaire in the form of a five-option Likert scale, the questions of which were adapted and extracted from two studies by Gondi et al. in 2011 and Jayani Rajapathirana in 2018. The respondents were business owners that data collection has been done through e-mail and also by questioning with them.

Businesses used marketing innovations to a good extent and also used organizational, process and product innovations to an average extent. "Using new techniques or media to advertise products", "Distributing responsibilities and using a collaborative approach in decision-making","Transformation in manufacturing and production processes" and "Increasing the quality of manufactured products through the use of quality raw materials" were identified and introduced as the most important marketing, organizational, process and product innovations. Process innovation, organizational innovation and innovation capability could explain 62% of product innovation changes and 27% of market innovation changes. Organizational innovation was introduced as the most important variable affecting market innovation. Innovation capability was introduced as the most important variable affecting product innovation.

The businesses have taken various innovative measures in the shapes of marketing, product, process and organizational to survive and grow during the Covid-19 epidemic. In the meantime, they have used marketing innovations to a good extent and product, process and organizational innovations to an average extent. Based on the results of this study, small and medium-sized businesses should rely on product and marketing innovations to survive and grow during Covid-19 epidemic and similar conditions. The main prerequisite to develop product innovation in small and medium-sized industries is to improve the innovation capability among them, and the main prerequisite to develop marketing innovation among small and medium-sized industries is to improve the level of organizational innovation among them. The experiences from the present study can be a valuable guide for policymakers, practitioners and business owners to provide the infrastructure and preparations as a passive defense to face possible similar crises.