پژوهشنامه رسانه بین الملل
سال هفتم شماره 2 (پیاپی 10، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

Today, the main function of the media is to present their desired image to their audience. Therefore, it is of great importance that the image presented in the media, especially the overseas broadcasting networks, is a believable, multifaceted and aligned with the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main question in the current research is that the image presented of Iran on the two websites of France Press TV and France 24 are aligned or in opposition to each other? In the period of February 2020, all the content uploaded on the subject of Iran on the website of Press TV France and France 24 were checked using the content analysis method. The findings of the research showed that the focus of the French Press TV website in presenting the image of Iran was on news and analyzes with political and defense issues. On the other hand, in France 24, the large amount of political content from Iran, along with the small amount of social and cultural news with special bias, presents the image of Iran as a violent and lawless country. It is suggested that France Press TV, while developing quantitatively and qualitatively with more monitoring, should have a faster reaction to the reports of France 24 and pay more attention to non-political programs in addition to political programs.

With the emergence of novel technologies and prevalence of social media, new horizons have been introduced into radio programs. In fact, radio is a platform that can have mutual interactions with the audience and gain their trust and loyalty. Hence, it is essential to analyze the factors affecting user participation and engagement in radio programs. This study aimed to identify and list the effective factors in improving user participation in the international English radio programs of IRIB World service on Instagram. For this purpose, the theories of media use, gratification, and convergence were applied. The thematic analysis was then adopted, and semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data from 15 media experts. According to the research findings, effective factors of the audience engagement in IRIB World Service's social media (e.g., English radio programs on Instagram) had eight main themes. “Interaction with the audience”, “specialty, acquaintance, and in-time use of social media functions”, and “identification of the audience in radio newsrooms” are among the effective factors in the audience participation. The in-time use of “strategies for improving the audience engagement (participation)” and “involvement of the audience in media contents” can also affect the user behavior in participation. The research results indicated that themes of “media policy”, “ethical and cultural considerations”, and “policymaking documents and international strategies” directly affect participation and engagement of the audience and can contribute to IRIB World Service media to have active and loyal audience.

The controversial decision of Donald Trump, the former president of the United States of America, on December 6, 2017, regarding the transfer of his country's embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem (Baitul Muqaddas) and as a result, recognizing this city as the capital of the Zionist regime, has triggered many critical reactions in the international community. This decision, especially in view of the issuance of the resolution of the General Assembly on December 30, 2023, which implies the request for a new advisory opinion from the Hague Court regarding the occupation of Palestine, will need to be analyzed through the lens of international law. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to explain the legal aspects of Donald Trump's decision and to establish the international responsibility of the US government in the light of the "International Responsibility of States" plan, which was approved by the International Law Commission in 2001. The research method of this article is descriptive-analytical and based on scientific reference to legal texts and documents including resolutions, judicial opinions and legal doctrine. By explaining and clarifying fundamental principles of international law, such as the commitment of countries not to identify illegal situations resulting from human rights violations and other mandatory international rules, the IRIB World Service media may provide the public with an understanding of the proper position regarding violations of international laws and prevent the normalization of decisions and actions in the world arena that violate international law.

The present article deals with the comparative analysis of the positions of the American Republican and Democratic parties regarding the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action known as JCPOA on Twitter. The importance of this issue is related to JCPOA, as an international agreement, and on the other hand, to the position of public diplomacy and the role of Twitter. The purpose of this article is to get a detailed understanding of the effect of party approaches on the US foreign policy stance towards Iran, centered on the JCPOA. To achieve this goal, the tweets of 9 prominent members of both the Republican and Democratic parties who have Twitter activity, from the beginning of January 2015 to the end of December 2019, were studied through the method of content analysis. Then, the themes extracted from these tweets were categorized into three types of basic, organizing and inclusive ones. According to the findings of this paper both parties took similar positions as far as the US grand strategies towards Iran is concerned. However, in a number of tactical issues and cases, and specifically in terms of the JCPOA, the positions of Democratic party differ from that of the Republicans. Accordingly, the JCPOA cannot be recognized as a long-term agreement and it is necessary for the decision-makers in the field of foreign policy in Iran not to depend on the JCPOA and to consider other options as well. Finally, it seems that the use of Twitter has played an important role in the efforts of members of both major political parties in the United States to communicate with their audiences about the JCPOA.

Nowadays, it is essential for any country trying to propagate its discourse and act effectively in regional and international arenas to pursue its public diplomacy through its overseas media. Likewise, Iran, understanding this necessity, endeavors to propagate Islamic revolution discourse by its overseas media. The main purpose of this research is to present an ideal model for employing the public diplomacy of Islamic revolution discourse in IRIB World Service. The research method is semi-structured interview with experts and the analysis method is based on the grounded theory of Strauss and Cobin's model using MAXQDA software. 25 experts in diplomacy and media are selected purposively using snowball sampling and with theoretical saturation criteria. The research findings demonstrate that employing the public diplomacy of Islamic revolution discourse in IRIB World Service depends on causal conditions (fighting against Iran-phobia, confronting  media attacks against the country, Enlightenment in important international issues), contextual conditions (Interaction of religion and politics, reflection of Iranian-Islamic culture and civilization) and Intervening conditions (Islamic awakening, propagating the discourse of fighting imperialism, describing the achievements of the Resistance Economy). These factors set the ground for applying actions and interactions (forming an Islamic revolution discourse committee, breaking the iron monopoly of Western media, translation, dubbing and content, cinematographic, musical, artistic, cultural products) which are going to have consequences (improvement of the process of the Islamic revolution, issuance of the Islamic revolution, strengthening of the resistance bloc and weakening of imperialism, Islamic awakening and unity, a healthy lifestyle).

International political discourses have a close relationship with international media. In this context, Western hegemon powers are using the media to suppress their principal counter-discourse in West Asia, namely the Islamic resistance axis discourse. This study aimed to explain the discourses of CNN, Euronews, and BBC about the axis of Islamic resistance. Four lengthy, significant, analytical news reports covering Lebanon, Iran, Palestine, and Yemen from January 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023, were chosen from each of these three media through purposive sampling. These reports were then studied using the critical discourse analysis method and the Van Dijk model. The regional activity of these players is linked and highlighted in the discourse of these media with the economic challenges of these countries in order to promote dissatisfaction and division among their supporters and members. At the macro level, these media continuously highlight the shortcomings of the hardware aspect of the Islamic resistance discourse, but the software aspect of this discourse, which includes universal ideas like anti-arrogance, justice, and independence, as well as the shortcomings of the self-discourse (west discourse), is absent. This is because these media also take different approaches on a micro level.

The right to benefit from a healthy environment is among the third generation of Universal rights in the discourse of human rights. In several international environmental documents، the role of the media awareness and participation in the process of access to education، participation and environmental information has been discussed. In this article، it has been tried to deal with the media obligations and environmental information of the governments in the basic environmental documents and conventions with special reference to the role of the media in guaranteeing the right to a healthy environment with an analytical and descriptive method. The basic question is to survey what is the relationship between the media and the fulfillment of international environmental obligations in guaranteeing and promoting the right to information and participation in environmental decision-making. The basic hypothesis of this article in response to the main question is that، by carefully reading some international environmental documents، it is possible to identify obligations related to the media and the environment. The most important new finding of this article is the explanation of the relationship between the right to the environment and the media in the framework of international obligations of governments in international environmental conventions.

The May 2023 parliamentary and presidential elections in Türkiye were held in the 100th year of the establishment of the republican system, which is the basis for examining the political, religious and identity parameters for understanding the politics and statehood in this country. The electoral results and rivalries among different coalitions and parties in Türkiye can be analyzed and understood in a historical process and based on the type of their discourse. The aim of this study is to examine the change in political discourse in Türkiye as a result of the 2023 elections and its impact on the future of political activities in the country. The research methodology is discourse analysis based on Laclau and Mouffe's theory of discourse. Because, the semantic elements that were formed during the electoral campaign rivalries played a role in the political arrangement of the parliament and Recep Tayyip Erdogan's victory. Assuming the change in the Turkish political discourse and relying on the discourse analysis approach, the study seeks to shed light on the analysis data in these elections which show the compatibility of the elements of the two competing discourses of nationalism and Islamism. Meanwhile, political pluralism in the thoughts of the opposition front has provided the ground for multiple discourses in Türkiye. How the semantic system of each of these discourses adapts to religious values and respect for national symbols and acceptance of the principles of democracy and secularism based on the cultural identity of the Turkish nation has an impact on their lives.

Persuasive techniques have a great effect on attracting and influencing the television audience. One of the channels that seeks to influence public opinion in the West Asian region by using these techniques is the Zionist Channel 11, known as "Kan 11". The current research has been done by analyzing and investigating the political programs of this channel, with the aim of identifying persuasion techniques. This research is applied research and the research method is qualitative research with a content analysis approach. Based on this, among the political programs of this television channel, 10 news reports in 2020 were purposefully selected and studied using coding and classification processes. The findings included 169 codes, based on the principles of persuasion, 109 codes were classified as pathos and 60 codes as logos. Finally, 8 techniques were obtained for Pathos index and 6 techniques for Logos index. The results showed that Kan 11 TV channel reported most of its news in the form of pathos techniques (an index that engages the audience's emotions) with 64.50% in its news reports. While this network has presented only 35.50% of the reports with the Logos index (an index that engages the audience's intellect and logic).

Like the commercial-electoral market, terrorism also has a political marketplace where terrorist groups branding their idea to their audiences as producers and sellers, so that they can make an easy perception of their actions through branding inside of targeting audiences and giving their brand an attractive structure. The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) and its propaganda and branding methods are among the important cases for examining the branding structure of terrorist groups. Terrorist branding is a form of media propaganda for the target audience. The paper’s aim focuses on the communication aspects of the ISIS online propaganda magazine (Dabiq) to explain the political marketing and branding of ISIL. The ISIL main hypothesis of this paper, therefore, is that Daesh has been able to attract different audiences within a limited period of time by branding its ideas and focusing on the perception of fear and violence in the political market of terrorism. The research method is content analysis of Dabiq magazine in order to reveal the political marketing and branding methods of ISIS through textual analysis. The findings of the research show that, despite the weakening of ISIL, its basic ideas, including the ideal of the Islamic caliphate, are still followed through marketing and branding strategies.