Journal of Pathobiology Reaearch
Volume:25 Issue: 2, Spring 2022

Decellularizing testis tissue and recellularizing with spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) seems to be a promising approach to restore fertility in prepubertal boys who undergoes cytotoxic therapies.
Testis tissue decellularization was performed by adding 1% SDS and confirmed by histological analysis and DNA quantification. The MTT assay was performed for biocompatibility analyses. SSCs were derived from male mice and cultured in αMEM medium for two weeks. Expanded SSCs were seeded onto the DTM scaffold. The recellularized DTM scaffold disc was cultured in a static cultivation system for one week, then transferred in a dynamic mini-perfusion bioreactor for two weeks. The expression of Id4, Plzf, Gfrα, Prm, Sycp3, ABP, Ki67, Bax, and Bcl2 genes were assessed in SSCs and recellularized DTM after static and dynamic cultivations.
DNA qualification indicated that approximately 99% of the DNA components were removed from DTMs. Hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, and DAPI staining confirmed the effective recellularization. Dynamic cultivation of recellularized DTMs at the flow rate of 10 ml/h provided optimum conditions. The expression of SSCs-specific genes of Id4, Plzf, and Gfrα-1 and post-meiosis genes of Scp3, prm1, and ABP was insignificantly higher in the DTMs group than in the control group. Ki67 expression was shown no difference between groups. An insignificant lower expression of the Bax and higher expression of Bcl2 genes was detected in the DTMs group compared to the control.
Our results indicated that SSCs could successfully be attached to the DTMs and effectively proliferate in the mini-perfusion bioreactor.

More than 30% of adults suffer from sleep deprivation (SD). SD has adverse effects on cognitive functions such as attention. In psychology, attention is defined as the concentration of awareness on some events to exclude other stimuli. It has a very important role in regulating the human behavior. Although several studies have investigated the alteration in activity of different attention supporting brain regions following SD, however, these effects are not still fully addressed. Considering the significance of attention in learning and directing the human behavior and regarding the high prevalence of SD, here we review the consequences of acute SD on activity and connectivity of different regions involved in the attention processing by focusing on neuroimaging studies.

A cardiac infarction is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although the common treatments, including medication and various grafts, are unable to return the patients to their normal life, a cardiac patch is a promising technique in the field of tissue engineering that can stimulate the natural regeneration process of the diseased tissue via a scaffold with appropriate mechanical properties, biocompatibility and electrical conductivity. In this study, the composite scaffolds based on alginate (ALG) were fabricated through freeze-drying and coated with different concentrations of graphene oxide (GO) to make ALG/xGO (x=0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 wt. %) scaffolds. The scaffolds were characterized in terms of morphology, physicochemical structure, tensile strength, electrical conductivity, and cell response and gene expression. The presence of GO provided interconnected pores in the composite scaffolds. Adding GO up to 0.1 wt.% significantly enhanced Young’s modulus up to 5.5 MPa and electrical conductivity up to 8.59 S.m-1 (p≤0.05). Additionally, GO improved the vitality of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) compared to the scaffold without GO.  Investigating cell attachment of L929 fibroblasts indicated that the optimal content of GO at 0.05 wt.% can provide better places for cellular nesting due to the appropriate size of pores for cell/material interactions. The increase in the amount of GO up to 0.1 wt.% lead to a significant increase in gene expression of VEGFR-2 compared to the other scaffolds and tissue culture plate. We found that the prepared ALG/0.1GO composite scaffold could be appropriate for further experiments on cardiac tissue engineering applications.

Ferritin is an indicator of iron (Fe) storage in the body and plays the main role of cellular oxidation. It is hypothesized that Fe causes insulin resistance and then by reducing insulin secretion leads to type 2 diabetes. Considering the effects of exercise training in increasing insulin sensitivity, this study was designed the effect of various resistance (DR), endurance (DE), and combined (DER) activities on serum ferritin and Fe levels in diabetic rats.

Type 2 diabetes was induced by intraperitoneal injection of Nicotinamide solution (120 mg/kg) and Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg). One week after the confirmation of diabetes, the training groups underwent DR, DE and DER exercises for 10 weeks. After completing the research protocol, blood sampling was done to measure serum ferritin and Fe levels.

Type 2 diabetes caused an adverse increase in blood glucose, insulin levels, increased HOMA-IR, Fe, serum ferritin and decreased HOMA-IS. Looking to improve glycemic indices after 10 weeks of DE, DR and DER training, we saw a decrease in serum Fe and ferritin levels, and DER training had a significant decrease in Fe compared to DR and DE training.

This study shows that serum iron and ferritin levels in diabetes are significantly increased and increased ferritin may be one of the reasons for insulin resistance in diabetes. Given the importance of iron and ferritin levels in insulin resistance, combined exercise with moderate intensity and time by reducing these biomarkers can reduce glycemic indices in diabetes.

  All over the world, about one percent of people are affected by one of most complex neurological disorder, epilepsy. Hippoacampus is one of common region of the brain that affected in human epilepsy.  Despite existence of multiple synthetic drugs for epilepsy management and control, some patients suffer from treatment-resistant seizures and unwanted side effects of available medicine. Therefore, such safe new drug discovering research is emphasized. Because of traditional herbal medicine use as a therapeutic modality also, regarding to beneficial components Humulus Lupulus (H.L). The aim of current investigation was to assess anti-convulsive effects of cone leaves extracts of H.L extract on chemical kindling model of epilepsy and its neuroprotective effects on CA3 region of hippocampus. 

Our findings suggest beneficial anticonvulsive effects for cone leaves extracts of H.L on PTZ kindling neuroprotective effects on hippocampus tissue. This medicinal plant may be beneficial for human seizure treatment so more investigation is proposed.

Neurological disorders are illnesses in which the function of neurons in the brain and spinal cord is disrupted. In neurodegenerative diseases, based on various factors such as the etiology of the disease, the patient's age, and the brain and /or spinal cord region involved, the affected person may face a wide variety of signs and symptoms. In numerous neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and multiple sclerosis (MS), according to the disease pathobiology, some sexual and reproductive problems, like sexual dysfunction, low sperm quality, and sterility, have been raised. Although sexual and fertility issues could result in several individual complications and heavy social burdens, limited studies have addressed these topics. This narrative review highlights sexual and reproductive disabilities in several neurological disorders, such as spinal cord injury (SCI) and MS.