نشریه تاریخ و سیره اهل بیت
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، پاییز و زمستان 1399)

Jalāl al-Dīn al-Suyūṭī (Arabic: جلال الدین السیوطی), one of the hardworking scholars of Shāfiʿī religion (Arabic: مذهب الشافعی, Madhhab al-Shāfiʿī), has explained the position of Lady Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ (Arabic: فاطمه ٱلزهراء) (Salām-u-Allah ʿAlaihā) [Peace Be Upon Her] in a number of his writings. The present research utilizes library resources and descriptive classification method to find the virtues and position of Lady Zahrāʾ (AS) in various exegetical, narrative and historical texts of Suyūṭī. The concept of Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic: اهل البیت, lit.  people of the house) in the first step has been studied in his writings in order to evaluate the general position of lady Zahrāʾ (AS) as a member of the Ahl al-Bayt in the opinion of the Sunni. The result of this research is that the virtues of Lady Zahrāʾ in the writings of Suyūṭī was divided into the following eight categories: remembrance of the worldly position and the other worldly of Lady Zahrāʾ, her position in the presence of the Prophet of Islam, the position of her husband and children, the ritual sīra (Arabic: السیره) and behavioral life of the daughter of the Messenger of God, the exegetical narrations about Lady Zahrāʾ, the importance of her satisfaction or dissatisfaction and her sufferings after the death of the Messenger of God. In the end, some of the damages of quoting virtues and Fāṭimī Sīra have been mentioned in the Suyūṭī’s writings which include: lack of attention to the narration of Fāṭimī traditions, narrations incompatible with history, lack of attention to traditions quoted by Imami narrators, mentioning fake traditions and dealing with the thought of simulating Fāṭimī’s virtues simulation for others.

Patterning method is one of the most important educational methods. The issue of following exemplar has been paid special attention in Islam. The best people in Islam to set an example are the pure Imams who have been introduced as Imams and exemplars (Arabic: اسوه). ʿĀshūrāʾ (Arabic: عاشوراء) is also the biggest epical event for epical patterning. One of the epic effects of Ashura is Rajaz (رجز, literally tremor, spasm, convulsion as may occur in the behind of a camel when it wants to rise, poetry) which this article deals with the issue of epic patterning from ʿĀshūrāʾ poetry using a descriptive analytical method. This topic consists of two parts of speech and behavioral parts that this article considers the speech section of the Rajaz (poetry) in ʿĀshūrāʾ. It was concluded by examining the sources related to the issue that the most frequent epic poetry in ʿĀshūrāʾ was related to the companions of Imam al-Husayn (PBUH) who were sure of their rightness. The most important Rajaz (epic poetry) is about creating fear in the enemy, introducing themselves and the leader, explaining ideas and expressing purpose and eventuality task which have the ability to pattern in the field of freedom, right-seeking, courage and other epic traits in the effective and lasting form of poetry with a strong rhythm that conveys resistance in defense of Islam and human values for all generations in all ages.

The economic and social boycott (surrounding) and sanctions against the prophet (PBUH) and his followers in Shiʿb Abī Ṭālib (Arabic: شعب ابی طالب, Valley of Abū Ṭālib) is one of the most important threats of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) which the polytheists of Quraysh had done to destroy Islam and surrender the Holy Prophet to their demands, but this sanction had no result with the measures and adoption of strategies by the Holy Prophet and the patience and endurance of him and the Muslims. The present research is going to analyze this surrounding by a descriptive analytical method based on library resources and using narrations and historical sources. First, the nature and goals of the economic and social sanctions agianst Shiʿb Abī Ṭālib by Quraysh have been mentioned in this regard and finally, the aspects of this sanction and the Sira (Arabic: سیره, biography) of the Prophet in confronting this Surrounding have been studied and analyzed.

The question of the origin of Shīʿa religion and its history in Islam is also concerned in today's society. It is vital and necessary to analyze this situation and finding its roots and causes broadly, basically and comprehensively. It can be provided a short but sufficient answer by referring to the historical books of the two sects (Shīʿa and Sunnī) and introducing some of the leaders of the early Islam and the companions of the Prophet (PBUH). Ibn Taymiyyah (Arabic: ابن تیمیه), according to the author of this article, is one of the famous people in history who has used various tricks to deny the belief in Imam Ali's immediate caliphate (Arabic: خلافه, caliphate or khilāfah). First, one of his phrases has been reviewed in this article and then we find that there were those who believed in the superiority and legitimacy and immediate successor of Imam Ali ʿAlayhi al-salām (Arabic: علیه السلام, literally: peace be upon him) among the prominent figures of the early Islam is Miqdād b. ʿAmr (Arabic: مقدادبن عمرو) who was named as one of the pioneers of accepting Islam. He endured the persecutions of Quraysh and migrated first to Abyssinia and then to Medina in order to protect his religion. His companionship and obedience to the Messenger of Allah expresses his strong faith. He explicitly expressed his belief in the events of Saqifa (Arabic: سقیفه) and the Six-Member Council after the demise of Seal of the Prophets and defended the truth.

Islam has provided the ground for building a civilization based on knowledge by emphasis on thinking and recommending its followers to learn. Therefore, knowledge is the origin of civilization from the perspective of religion. It is necessary to refer to religious sources in order to know civilizing knowledge as well as possible. Verses and traditions and also the Sīra (biography) of Ahl al-Bayt (Arabic: اهل ٱلبیت) have not permitted any knowledge in order to build Islamic civilization. Therefore, it is necessary to gain a proper recognition of civilizing knowledge by referring to these sources. The word and biography of Imam Reza ʿAlayhi al-salām (Arabic: علیه السلام, literally: peace be upon him) is one of these sources. Introducing and extending of knowledge in order to build a religious civilization had been one of the most important teachings of Imam Reza (AS). These features are reflected in the book of ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā (Arabic: عیون اخبار الرضا), but it is rare to find a work that deals with this issue. Accordingly, the purpose of this study which has been written in a descriptive analytical method is the review of the biography and words of Imam Reza (AS) in recognition of the propositions of civilizing knowledge based on the narrations of the noble book of ʿUyūn akhbār al-Riḍā. The results of the existing findings show that the words and Sīra of Imams (PBUT) have provided an irreplaceable role in the growth and development of knowledge in order to form Islamic civilization. It is also possible to extract the features of civilizing knowledge from knowledge-based debates, Imam’s dialogues about knowledge, his behavior with scholars, etc.

Ibn ʿAsākir is one of the most famous Muslim scholars and historians of the school of Ash-Shaam (Arabic: ٱلشام) in the Golden Age. His famous work known as the History of Damascus (Arabic: تاریخ دمشق, Romanized: Tarīkh Dimashq) is one of the most important sources in Islamic historiography which is written in the style of a dictionary and local history. Ibn ʿAsākir has important traditions and narrations about the early figures of Islam in his book. One of these figures is Imam Ali ʿAlayhi al-salām (Arabic: علیه السلام, literally: peace be upon him) that Ibn ʿAsākir has devoted a significant volume of his book to him and has narrated considerable narrations about him in different parts of his book and beside the figures of the early Islam. Therefore, the mentioned book has been considered by researchers and some parts of it have been published after correction and research, but the section related to Imam Ali (AS) has been neglected in this book. The research on the recent part is important from the perspective of one of the prominent historians of the school of Ash-Shaam in order to evaluate the traditions related to Imam Ali (AS) and the events of his period. Therefore, the present research is using a descriptive analytical method and emphasizing on Ibn ʿAsākir’s book of History of Damascus to find answers to these questions about what Ibn ʿAsākir’s view about Imam Ali (AS) is and what sources he has used in narrating aḥādīth (Arabic: احادیث, singular: ḥadīth, traditions or narrations) related to Imam Ali (AS). Ibn ʿAsākir has presented many and various reports about Imam Ali (AS) and conflicting narrations without religious orientation which are essential in Imam's biography, referring to it and using its information.