نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، بهار و تابستان 1402)

At the cellular level, the cardioprotective effects of exercise on the heart tissue are different at various ages. The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in angiogenesis (VEGF), tissue hypoxia (HIF-1) and calcium ion flow (Calcineurin) in the heart tissue of immature, mature and old rats following combined training.

Thirty male Wistar rats divided in three age groups of 2 weeks, 8 weeks and 24 months (10 each group) and each age group was divided into two control and exercise training groups (5 each group). In the combined training group, animals performed one day of resistance training and one day of aerobic training for 6 weeks. The amount of overload in the resistance training program was determined based on the body weight of the animals from 30% in the first week to 120% body weight in the last week. For aerobic training, the intensity of training increased from 50% of maximum speed in the first week to 80% in the last week. After 6 weeks of training, sacrificed animals and heart tissue were removed to measure VEGF, HIF-1 and Calcineurin factors by RTPCr method. To analyze data, the statistical method of one-way analysis of variance was used with significance P≤0.05. 

The group of exercise training (8-week) showed higher levels of VEGF gene expression in heart tissue compare to the control group (8-week control) (P=0.020). However, there was no significant difference in VEGF gene expression between training groups in three age groups (P>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the control and training groups in each age group and between the training groups in the three age in the expression of cardiac HIF-1 and Calcineurin gene (P>0.05).Discussion and

Exercising at young age has more favorable cellular effects (especially the positive regulation of angiogenesis factor). Therefore, in order to have a good aging period, it was suggested to do regular resistance-aerobic exercises from a young age.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of elastic band training in supine and upright body positions on post exercise hypotension (PEH) in obese women.

13 obese women (age: 37±8.33 years and body mass index 31.75±2.84 kg/m2) participated in this study with a crossover design. Subjects participated in two protocols of resistance exercise in supine position and upright position using an elastic band that consisted of the usual movements of the upper and lower body. Hemodynamic responses were recorded before, 30, and 60 minutes after exercise and were analyzed using ANOVA repeated measures test.

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were lower 30 minutes after supine exercise compared to before. SBP was also lower 30 minutes after supine exercise compared to 60 minutes after supine exercise (P≤0.05). Heart rate (HR) was significantly higher 30 minutes after upright exercise compared to before and 60 minutes after vertical exercise (P≤0.05).

A session of supine exercise training could reduce SBP and MAP in obese women. Our findings show that supine exercise training may have a beneficial cardiovascular effect. In addition, less mechanical load and less pressure on joints and spine during horizontal exercise activity can improve exercise capacity in obese people.

Introduction and Recovery is very important aspect of training. Desire for food intake is important at this time. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response of glucose, insulin and appetite to the amount of carbohydrate consumption after intense intermittent exercise (HIIE). Thirty-two female athletes (age 22.41±1.04 yrs and weight 56.77±2.41 kg) participated in this study were divided into two carbohydrate drink rate (1.2 g/kg) and (0.4 g/kg) groups. The HIIE consists of 8×3 min set at 80% HRmax. The initial speed was 6 km/h with a 1% gradient. Running speed was increased by 1 km/h with 3 min intervals. 90-s active recovery at 55% between repetitions was considered. The subjects consumed CD at 15 and 90 min after HIIE. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 150 min after and appetite was measured by a visual analog scale [VAS] before, immediately, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 150 min after HIIE. Statistical data analysis was conducted by the repetitive multivariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient (P<0.05). Amount of carbohydrate intake leads to significant differences in desire for food 30 min after activity (P<0.05). 0.4 g/kg carbohydrate drink led to a lower desire for food (P<0.05). Glucose immediately after exercise into two groups was increased, but after 150 min in the 1.2 g/kg group was decreased (P<0.05).Discussion and According to the results, it seems that appetite decreased after HIIE and increased after carbohydrate consumption in both groups, which can be justified due to glucose absorption and improvement in insulin resistance.

Introduction and One of the common signs of old age is a 2-4 times increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a course of TRX exercises on cardiovascular parameters PTX3, CRP, IL-18 in overweight elderly men. In this semi-experimental study, 30 overweight elderly men participated and were randomly divided into two TRX training groups (15 people) and control (15 people). The experimental group performed exercises for 12 weeks and 3 sessions each week for 60 minutes (10 minutes of warm-up, 40 minutes of training and 10 minutes of cooling down). Blood samples were collected in two pre-test stages and 48 hours after the last training session to measure the serum levels of PTX3, CRP and IL-18. The data were analyzed using covariance and paired t test at a significant level of P≤0.05. TRX exercises caused a significant decrease in serum levels of PTX3, CRP, IL-18 in the post-test of the experimental group (P≤0.05).Discussion and It seems that this type of exercise can reduce inflammatory markers CRP and IL-18 in elderly people. These exercises are suggested as an effective factor in improving cardiovascular risk factors related to aging.

Introduction and Brain trauma is one of the most common causes of damage to the central nervous system that can cause death and long-term disabilities. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of a swimming training course on the amount of memory and interleukin-6 in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats with brain trauma. The current research is experimental and developmental. 40 NMRI male mice were randomly divided into 2 equal groups (trained mice and non-trained mice). Mice in the training group underwent swimming training from the age of 28 days to the age of 80 days for 8 weeks (5 days per week). After completing the exercise protocol, each group was divided into 2 equal groups by a simple random method, rats without training (control, trauma) and training rats (swimming training, swimming training trauma). At the end of the eighth week, trauma induction was performed on the right temporal region in the trauma swimming training group and trauma by weight drop method. 14 days after trauma induction, the rats were tested for new object recognition memory. Statistical analysis was done through one-way analysis of variance with Tukey's post hoc test at a significance level of P≥ 0.05 and using SPSS-26 software. The results of the research showed that 8 weeks of swimming exercise significantly increases the amount of memory in rats suffering from brain trauma (P=0.001). Also, 8 weeks of swimming exercise causes a significant decrease in the amount of interleukin-6 in the prefrontal cortex of rats with brain trauma (P=0.003), but this decrease was not significant in the hippocampus (P=0.076).Discussion and The results of the present study showed that swimming exercises before brain trauma can reduce inflammation and memory disorders caused by brain trauma through mechanisms such as reducing the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6.

Introduction and MS is the most common cause of neurological disabilities among young adults. The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training and Pilates on some physical performance in women with MS.
 This research was semi-experimental and 33 women with MS participated (EDSS between 1 and 4). They were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Exercises were done for eight weeks, three sessions a week. The resistance training group started leg flexion and extension movements, rowing, butterfly, leg press and crunches from the intensity of 40% of a maximum repetition and increased it to 60% of a maximum repetition after eight weeks. The Pilates training group also trained for 60-70 minutes three times a week for eight weeks, and the control group did not have any training. During the training, movements increased from three stations to 10 and sets from one to three. Endurance and muscle strength, balance and flexibility were evaluated before and after the training period. One-way ANOVA test to compare indicators between groups and paired t-test were used for intra-group changes. Tukey's post-hoc test was used to determine of the mean difference between the groups (P<0.05).
Statistical analysis of the findings showed; Compared to the control group, eight weeks of resistance training and Pilates caused a significant improvement in strength, muscle endurance and balance indicators. Flexibility in Pilates exercises and balance index in resistance exercises had a better effect (P<0.05).
Discussion and According to the results, it is possible to suggest Pilates and resistance exercises as an effective way to improve motor function to MS patients.

Data shows the positive effects of resistance training on increasing muscle mass, through hormones and increasing metabolic rate and protein synthesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 10-week of eccentric resistance training on muscle strength , aerobic capacity and insulin-like growth factor 1 levels in inactive young women. 28 inactive young women with an average age of 24.75±4.58 and weight of 56.05±8.12 were randomly divided into two groups of eccentric resistance training (14 people) and control group (14 people). Then, the eccentric resistance training program was implemented in the training group for 10 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Blood sampling, muscle strength tests of upper and lower body organs, maximum oxygen consumption and body composition were performed before and after the intervention. The control group did not do any exercise program during the study period. Serum IGF-1 was measured using ELISA method. To analyze the data, parametric independent T and paired T tests were used and a significance level of less than 0.05 was considered. The results showed that eccentric resistance training for 10 weeks significantly increased upper (p=0.004) and lower (p=0) body muscle strength and lower body, aerobic capacity (p=0.001), lean mass (p=0.037) and serum IGF-1 (p = 0.026) in inactive young women. Inactive young women can use eccentric resistance exercises to increase muscle volume and muscle strength in their upper and lower body.

Introduction and Inflammatory markers play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. However, the effect of exercise and Mulberry leaf extract on diabetics is not well known. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic-resistance exercises along with the consumption of Mulberry leaf extract on the serum levels of TNF-α and interleukin 18 in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes. In this clinical study, 40 elderly men (mean age: 67.07±1.50) with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into five control groups (8 people), placebo (8 people), and Mulberry leaf extract (8 people). Combined training (8 people) and Mulberry leaf extract + combined training (8 people) were included. The exercises were done for eight weeks and three sessions per week for 90 minutes. 3000 mg of Mulberry leaf extract per day was prescribed along with three main meals. Before the intervention and 48 hours after the last training session, serum levels of TNF-α and interleukin 18 were measured through blood samples. The SPSS software and the analysis of covariance statistical test, followed by the Benferroni post hoc test at a significance level of 0.05, were used to analyze the data. A significant decrease in TNF-α and interleukin 18 levels was observed in the exercise, extract and exercise+extract groups (P<0.05). The results between the groups showed a significant difference in TNF-α (P=0.001) and interleukin 18 (P=0.001), which is greater in the extract + exercise group than the exercise and extract groups.Discussion and It seems that 8 weeks of combined exercise combined with the consumption of Mulberry leaf extract reduces the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and interleukin-18 in elderly men with type 2 diabetes.

Introduction and  Oxidative stress and subsequent oxidative damage is one of the main factors in the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The aim of present study was to investigate comparison the effect of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with and without Portulaca Oleracea Extract on Serum Level of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in Rats with (NAFLD). Twenty five male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: healthy control, fatty liver control, Portulaca Oleracea, HIIT and HIIT+ Portulaca Oleracea. To induce NAFLD, the rats were fed a high-fat diet for 12 weeks. Portulaca Oleracea supplement at 400 mg/kg was given to the experimental groups. HIIT was performed for 8 weeks, 5 sessions per week with 7 repetitions of 1 minute at 90% maximum speed accompanied by active rest intervals including 2 minutes of running at 20% mmaximum speed. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at the significance level of p<0.05. Serum Level of MDA in fatty liver control was higher than healthy control group (P=0.034). Level of this index in Portulaca Oleracea Extract and HIIT+ Portulaca Oleracea groups were significantly lower than fatty liver control group (P values 0.021 and 0.049 respectively). But No significant difference was observed in the serum level of MDA in the HIIT group compared to the fatty liver control group (P=0.08). Serum level of TAC were significantly higher in Portulaca Oleracea Extract than healthy control and fatty liver control groups (P values 0.044 and 0.001 respectively). Level of this index in HIIT+ Portulaca Oleracea Extract group was significantly higher than fatty liver control group (P=0.003).Discussion and It seems that long term HIIT and Consumption of Portulaca Oleracea extract by reducing lipid peroxidation and improving antioxidant factors in NAFLD subjects, can play an important role in controlling the progress of this disease.

Introduction and Monitoring athletes is important for the management of fatigue and performance. This study was to investigate the possibility of using repetition in reserve for monitoring and controlling fatigue during resistance training.
11 male subjects (22.82±1.1422 years) with at least one year of training experience participated voluntarily in two separate test sessions with a time interval of 72 hours. In the first session, the Participant asked for 1 repetition maximum test (1RM). In the next session, they conducted the maximum number of repetitions (MNR), also the velocity of each repetition is recorded at the speed of 240 frames per second (240 fps). Finally, the correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve was evaluated using the Pearson correlation test with a significance level (P<0.05). However, the range of changes in repetition in reserve at 10% of the velocity loss was checked to examine the possibility of practical use.
There was a strong correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve (r=0.97), the range of repetition in reserve equal to 10% of velocity loss was equal to 4, the maximum repetition in reserve was 7 and the minimum was 3.
Discussion and Despite the strong correlation between velocity loss and repetition in reserve, it is not possible to use repetition in reserve for control and monitoring of fatigue due to the wide range of reserve repetition along with a fixed amount of velocity loss (10%).

Introduction and In old people osteoarthritis of knee has destructive effect on articular cartilage, synovial membrane, articular capsule, ligaments and the bone under cartilage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Thera-Band restistance training on the proprioceptive, motor function, the severity of pain and strength of the older women with knee osteoarthritis.
30 old women with knee osteoarthritis randomly divided into two equal groups control and training (n=15). Evaluated of severity of pain by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), proprioceptive measurement by goniometer, measure quadriceps and hamstring strength by manual dynamometer, and for analyzing the motor function TUG was used. Resistance training protocol with Thera-Band consist of eight weeks, per session was sixty minute. For analyzing data used on ANOVA with repeated measurements (P<0.05).
The results of statistical analysis showed that performing eight weeks of theraband exercises led to a significant change in the intensity of knee pain, proprioception at 30 and 60 degrees, motor performance, hamstring muscle strength, and quadriceps muscle strength, compared to the control group (P=0.001).
Discussion and Performing resistance exercises of the band improves the pain level, sense of proprioception, strength of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, and motor function of elderly women with osteoarthritis.

Shooting is one of the main factors in militarism. There is no clear findings about the effect of exercise programs on shooting performance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of aerobics, core stability training and static stretching on shooting performance and postural control among military officers.Thirty six beginner male military officers aged 18-25 participated in present study. Participants randomly were divided into four equal groups (aerobics (n=9), static stretching (n=9), core stability (n=9) and control (n=9)). Participants shoot 20 shots by pistol during each of pre and post-test. Performance of shooters were assessed by SCAT system and center of pressure data was collected by using plantar pressure platform simultaneity. Analysis of variance with repeated measures was used for statistical analisis at significant level of 0.05. the results showed that mean of antero- posterior and medio-lateral sway of center of pressure in core stability group was significantly less than aerobics, static stretching and control. The scores of record score was significantly higher in aerobics as compared to others. However, scores of record score was significantly lower in static stretching than control. Also, vertical, horizontal and average of fluctuations of the aiming point were significantly lower in aerobics as compared to others.  It seems that short- term aerobic exercise with moderate intensity effects shooting performance. However, although core stability training can improve balance, it does not have positive effect on shooting performance necessarily.