نشریه ورزش و علوم زیست حرکتی
سال شانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 31، بهار و تابستان 1403)

Metabolic syndrome is a set of metabolic defects related to obesity, which is influenced by sports activities and caloric restriction, and is related to energy intake and expenditure, fat content, and increased oxidation. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of aerobic exercise and calorie deficit on cellular fatty acid transfer proteins (FATPs) and visceral fat.

Thirty-six male Wistar rats (age 4 w, weight 139.8±4.9 gr) were randomly divided into the following 4 groups (9 in each group): control: normal rats/standard food; Diabetic control: diabetic rats/standard food and no exercise; Calorie restriction: diabetic rats/low-calorie food and no exercise; Aerobic exercise: diabetic rats/standard food and continuous aerobic exercise. The aerobic exercise program consisted of 8 weeks, five times a week at a speed of 28 m/min and running on a treadmill for 60 minutes. The calorie deficit was equivalent to a 25% reduction in daily food weight.

A significant difference was observed in increasing FATP4 gene expression and decreasing FATP1 between the diabetic aerobic exercise group and the diabetic calorie restriction group compared to the diabetic and healthy control groups (p<0.05). Visceral fat weight decreased the most in the diabetic aerobic exercise group, and there was a significant difference in the calorie restriction group with the diabetic and healthy control groups (p<0.05).

Aerobic exercise and caloric restriction affect to FATP4 and FATP1 genes expression. This condition is probably influenced by visceral fat loss.

Dysregulation of miRNAs will result in development and progression of numerous diseases, such as in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The effect of exercise training on mechanisms of development and progression of PD are not well known. The aim of present study was to examine the effect of high intensity interval swimming on LRRK2 and mir-205 gene expression in rats with PD.

PD induced in fourteen 8 to 10-week-old male Wistar rats by injection of 1 mg/kg reserpine during 5 days. Then, these rats were divided into PD group or training group. Seven rats were considered as the healthy control group without any reserpine injection. The rats in the training group performed high intensity interval swimming, including 20 times of 30 seconds of swimming with 30 seconds of rest between each time for 6 weeks. 48h after last session of training, sacrificed animals and hypocampic LRKK2 and mir-205 gene expression was measured. To analyze data, the statistical method of one-way analysis of variance was used with significance P<0.05.

The results indicated that LRRK2 gene expression were higher in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (P=0.001 and P=0.001 respectively) and no significant difference was observed between training group and healthy group (P=0.1). mir-205 gene expression was lower in the PD group compare to the healthy group and training group (P=0.001 and P=0.01 respectively). There was negative correlation between hypocampic LRKK2 and mir-205 gene expression (r=-0.71 and P=0.01).

It seems that high intensity interval swimming improves PD by reducing LRRK2 and increasing mir-205 gene expression.

Adipokines play an important role in complications related to type 2 diabetes and regulate many vital actions that play an important role in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, diabetes, sweat endothelial disorders and inflammation. A drug with anti-inflammatory properties is also one of the most widely used methods to reduce the complications of type 2 diabetes, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of HIIT training and curcumin supplementation on adiponectin levels and insulin resistance in obese women with type 2 diabetes.

The present study was a semi-experimental study. 40 people were randomly selected among 60 women with type 2 diabetes with an average age of 36.5±0.13 and an average weight of 89.6±3.53 kg, living in Urmia city. Participants in the study were randomly divided into two homogenous groups of 20 including: the placebo supplement training group and the placebo training group. Exercise intervention three sessions a week and daily curcumin consumption of 2100 mg in three 700 mg meals was performed for 8 weeks. Biochemical and body composition indicators were measured before and after exercise. Blood samples were collected during two stages (pre-test and post-test) to measure biochemical variables. The data were analyzed using the analysis of covariance test of SPSS20 software and at a significance level of 0.05.

In the exercise group + curcumin supplement, the interactive effect of curcumin and intense intermittent exercise increased adiponectin (P=0.001), decreased insulin resistance (P=0.001), decreased insulin (P=0.001), and significantly decreased glucose (P=0.002). (P=0) while in the exercise+placebo group, these changes were not significant.

The current research shows that performing intense intermittent exercises along with curcumin as a non-invasive method can have a positive and important effect on increasing adiponectin and reducing insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Obesity and overweight is a metabolic disorder that affects the levels of fat tissue in this disorder. Lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase is a unique enzyme in the lipocalin family and plays an important role in metabolic diseases such as obesity. The aim of the present study was the effect of eight weeks of different exercises on lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase gene expression, weight and Li index of obese rats.

For this purpose, 40 male Wistar rats, fattened with a high-fat diet, were randomly divided into four equal groups of endurance training, resistance training, intense intermittent training, and control. For eight weeks, the rats of the experimental groups performed five sessions of endurance training with an intensity of 70-80% of the maximum speed, resistance with an intensity of 50-120% of the body weight and intense intervals with an intensity of 85-90% of the maximum speed and Every week, 5% was added to the intensity of the exercises. Real Time-PCR method was used to measure lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase gene expression. The statistical method of one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test was used to determine the difference between groups at a significance level of P<0.05.

After eight weeks of intense endurance, resistance and periodic training, lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase gene expression increased significantly (P=0.001) in the training groups compared to the control group. Weight (P=0.001) and Lee's index (P=0.001) decreased significantly in the training groups compared to the control group. No significant difference was observed between training groups (P<0.05).

Endurance, resistance and high intense intermittent training with a positive effect on the intracellular agent lipocalin prostaglandin D synthase, weight loss and Lee's index can be considered as an effective solution in the field of increasing lipolysis and reducing disorders related to overweight and obesity.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the main causes of death in the world. The present study aimed to determine the effect of eight weeks of aerobic exercise on the levels of MDA, TAC, GPX, and SOD in the heart tissue of healthy male Wistar rats.

To implement this experimental research, 12 male Wistar rats (weight 253±21 g) aged (8 weeks) were randomly divided into 2 groups including: 1) healthy control and 2) aerobic training. The training protocol involved running on an audio-stimulated treadmill at a speed of 5-24 m/min for 10-60 minutes, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, all the rats were anesthetized with a ketamine and xylazine solution. Heart tissue samples were taken from the rats. The levels of MDA, TAC, GPX, and SOD in the heart tissue samples were measured. Data were analyzed by independent t-test was used at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed that after eight weeks of intervention, SOD and GPX levels increased and TAC and MDA decreased in the training group compared to the control group, but these changes were not significant (P>0.05).

According to the obtained results, it is possible to say that regular aerobic training can have positive effects on the efficiency of the body's antioxidant system and neutralize the harmful effects of free radicals. Also, regular aerobic training in rats does not lead to oxidative stress.

The process of reverse cholesterol transport, which includes the collection of excess cholesterol from the surrounding tissues and its return to the liver for bile formation, is affected by exercise training with different durations and intensities. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of swimming training at two different times on the expression of genes affecting the reverse cholesterol transport in the liver tissue of male rats.

This applied cross-sectional study conducted on 18 male rats (210 ± 20 g) randomly divided into three groups of six: control, moderate and long-term swimming. The training groups swam in water at 30 ± 2° C for ten weeks, 5 days per week. In each session, the moderate-term group swam for one hour and the long-term group for three hours. The left lobe of the liver was separated and gene expression was measured using real-time PCR method by Ampliqon Master Mix, and DNA synthesis kit made in Denmark. Differences were determined by One-Way ANOVA, and comparison of groups was determined by Tukey's post hoc test (P≤0.05).

In long-term group, the expression values of ABCA1 and ApoA1 gene were significantly increased compared to the control group (P=0.04), and the ApoB gene was significantly increased compared to the control group (P=0.003), and the moderate-term group (P=0.009).

It seems that long-term exercise has a greater effect on the process of reverse cholesterol transport compared to moderate-term exercise. Therefore, choosing the training time for athletes or liver patients can significantly affect cholesterol levels.

Irisin and brain neurotrophic factor are involved in cognitive function as molecular indicators. The present study investigated the effect of high-intensity swimming on the changes of these two factors and cognitive performance.

The research method was experimental. 20 male Wistar rats (age 8 weeks, weight 250 ± 30 grams) were randomly divided into training and control groups after two weeks of familiarization with the standard environment of the animals in the laboratory and the training protocol. The training group participated in six weeks of high-intensity swimming training, and 48 hours after the last training session, the mice were sacrificed and their hippocampus tissue was removed. Real-time PCR method was used to measure irisin and BDNF gene expression, and Morris water test was used to evaluate cognitive function. Independent t-test was used to analyze gene expression findings and covariance test was used for cognitive function at a significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed that six weeks of high-intensity swimming significantly increased the levels of irisin, BDNF (P=0.001) and improved cognitive performance (P=0.008) in the training group compared to the control group.

Irisin and BDNF levels of the hippocampus significantly increase in response to six weeks of high-intensity swimming training, and this increase was in line with the improvement of the cognitive test of water maze. Therefore, it seems that a part of the cognitive performance improvement following the training protocol occurred with the incremental changes of irisin and BDNF in brain cells.

Increased inflammation caused by obesity is related to vascular health. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of aerobic training and caloric restriction on some indicators of vascular inflammation and interleukin 1 in obese male rats.

Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, exercise, calorie restriction, and exercise + calorie restriction. The aerobic training program was maintained for eight weeks, and the intensity was 24-33 meters per minute with a slope of 15%, and the duration of the training was from 10 minutes on the first day of training to 60 minutes per day, increasing in the fifth week of training and until the end of the program with the same conditions. Restricted groups received 50% of the amount of food consumed by other groups. The concentration of I-selectin, ICAM and interleukin-1 was measured by ELISA method. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at a significance level of 0.05.

The findings showed that aerobic training, calorie restriction and aerobic training with calorie restriction led to a significant decrease in e-selectin (P=0.001), decrease in ICAM (P=0.002) and interleukin-1 (P=0.001).

Eight weeks of aerobic training without and with calorie restriction leads to improvement of some vascular inflammation factors.

Introduction and Today, obesity is one of the most serious public health challenges of all societies. This study aims to determine the effect of 8 weeks of Whole Body - High-Intensity Interval Training with mango leaf extract on the transcription factor Nrf2 in overweight and obese untrained men. In this semi-experimental study, 40 untrained men with age (32.4±1.4) years and body mass index (30.13±2.6) kg/m2 participated. After obtaining consent, the subjects were randomly assigned to four groups: "exercise + placebo, mango leaf, exercise + mango leaf, and control". The exercises were done for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The mango leaf and placebo groups consumed one 500 mg capsule of mango leaf and placebo for 8 weeks, respectively. Blood sampling was done before and after 8 weeks of intervention. In data analysis, one-way analysis of covariance and Bonferroni's follow-up test were used (P≥0.05). The results showed that after 8 weeks of intense interval training of the whole body with the consumption of mango leaf extract, the serum levels of the Nrf2 factor of the subjects in the studied groups significantly increased compared to the control group (P=0.001). The highest increase in Nrf2 transcription factor was observed in the exercise + mango leaf extract group.Discussion and Whole Body - High-intensity interval Training and consuming mango leaf extract increased Nrf2. Activating this messaging pathway can reduce oxidative stress and improve antioxidant factors, which are effective for the health of obese people and improving their physiological condition.

Introduction and The dominant energy system in basketball is the anaerobic system, and basketball players are trying to use supplements increasing their anaerobic capacity and power. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to compare the effect of sodium bicarbonate and Dimethylglycine on biochemical blood parameters and anaerobic functions in youth elite basketball players. This study was a semi-experimental study with a repeated measures design. Fifteen youth elite basketball players with 15–17 years old and 72.02±2.56 Kg were divided into three groups: placebo, Sodium bicarbonate, and Dimethylglycine groups. During the study period, a 500 mL solution which contained 300 mg sodium bicarbonate was given to the sodium bicarbonate group. In addition, Dimethylglycine group received 400 mg Dimethylglycine, and third group received 500 mL placebo solution. Blood samples were collected before and following the study’s administrations as well as following Wingate test performance (30 seconds). Results of this study were demonstrated that following the sodium bicarbonate as well as Dimethylglycine supplements, blood lactate was increased but this finding statistically was not significant (P>0.05). However, following sodium bicarbonate administration the amount of extracellular bicarbonate buffers was significantly increased (P<0.05).Discussion and Taken our findings together, administration of sodium bicarbonate in youth athletes could increase blood-buffering capacity during the high-intensity interval exercises. Moreover, supplementation of sodium bicarbonate may improve anaerobic capacity due to the buffering capacity ameliorations.

Introduction and

Intensive exercise and physical activity increases free radical production and causes cell injury in athletes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of repeated intensive exercise on cellular damage indices and glutathione in young wrestlers.

For this purpose 15 subjects with mean age (22±3 years) and BMI (24±3 kg/m2) voluntary participated in this study. Subjects participating in each session included 4 stages of intensive exercise with 15 min active rest. Each stage included three lower and upper extremity Wingate test and with alternative pattern with 1 min active rest between each test. Blood sample was taken before and after and one hour after recovery.

Data was analyzed with repeated measure and the result showed that in general, increased LDH after exercise (P=0.03). But not significant increase in serum CK (P=0.08). The results showed that the exercise of reduced glutathione levels in the recovery period after activity, although this decrease is not significant (P=0.12).
Discussion and

These data suggest that intense anaerobic exercise, can increase some indicators of cell damage (lactate dehydrogenase), but more research is needed regarding the effect on serum glutathione levels.

Introduction and

Adipokines resistin, chemerin and omentin-1 are hormones secreted from fat tissue that play a role in metabolic regulation and physiological processes. On the other hand, high intensity interval training (HIIT) plays a positive role in preventing metabolic diseases. The purpose of this research is to review the studies conducted to investigate the effect of HIIT on resistin, chemerin and Omantin-1.

A search for articles related to the effect of HIIT on resistin, chemrin and omentin-1 was conducted in reliable databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, SID and Magiran between 2009 and 2023.

Recent reports show that HIIT leads to a decrease in resistin, chemerin, and an increase in omentin-1, as well as HIIT intervention leads to a decrease in body weight, body fat percentage, and body mass index.Discussion and

According to the results of the present study and the importance of changes in the levels of resistin, chemrin and omentin-1, it seems that HIIT can be an important and useful factor for the regulation of adipose tissue hormones resistin, chemrin and omentin-1 in healthy people. And patients can do this type of exercise according to their ability.