نشریه مطالعات و پژوهش های منظر
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Choosing appropriate species to use in urban green space to improve the urban landscapes is vital to avoid the financial and environmental potential losses if the selection of effective parameters are not taken into account. The main goal of this study was to introduce a list of the best plant species for planting in the urban green space of Birjand. For this purpose, 6 criteria and 24 sub-criteria which were obtained by examining the researches conducted in the field of effective criteria in the selection of plants for urban environments were defined so that the 63 proposed plant species (26 trees, 12 shrubs and 25 groundcovers) were evaluated and weighed according to these criteria and with the help of 15 faculty members and experts who were specialized in Landscape Architecture, Environmental Design and horticulture. The method used in this research was a combination of the techniques of FAHP, to obtain the weight of each criteria and sub-criteria for plant selection, and FTOPSIS, to rank plant species such as trees, shrubs and groundcovers according to the criteria and sub-criteria effective in selecting plants. The findings show that the criteria of compatibility with the environmental conditions of the region and compatibility with the urban environment are both, as compared to the other 4 criteria, are equally of greater importance and weight and are more effective in selecting the plants to be used in the urban landscape. Also, in the prioritization of the tree species, Cupressus arizonica with a proximity coefficient of 0.775, Tamarix aphylla with 0.6961, Phoenix dactylifera with 0.6959, and Prosopis cineraria with 0.6918, in the shrub species, Spartium junceum with a proximity coefficient of 0.6426, Amygdalus scoparia with 0.637, Berberis vulgaris with 0.6352 and Atriplex canescens with 0.6276, and in the groundcover species, Opuntia ficus-indica with a proximity coefficient of 0.7019, Aloe vera with 0.6852, Rosmarinus officinalis with 0.6489, and Lavandula angustifolia with 0.6489, are considered as the top four priority in each category to be used in the green space of Birjand. Finally, suggestions and strategies for the use of plant species to improve the landscape and the urban environment are presented.

In this study, the main discussion is about how Persian garden affects the realization of urban horticulture in Iranian cities. The research hypothesis focuses on the conditions and characteristics of Persian garden and introduces it as a starting point and a tool for landscape planning under the general idea of urban gardening. This study seeks to answer the question of how the Persian garden can be a starting point for the development of urban gardening in Iran as a new tool in urban and landscape planning. The research method is qualitative and a combination of analytical-descriptive research method and citation method. The results of the study show that conservative approaches that seek to protect urban historic gardens through laws and regulations do not guarantee agricultural activities in the gardens. Therefore, the recreational and leisure functions of the garden have prevailed over other production services that can be realized in the garden. The authors seek to revive the edible heritage of the Persian garden by proposing two strategies: public-involving and place-making strategies. In terms of public-involving strategy, the Persian Garden is the place where activists of agriculture and urban horticulture through teaching the traditional principles of horticulture, help revive the edible heritage of the Persian garden and turn the garden from a purely tourist and historical space into a productive and fruitful garden. In terms of place-making strategy, in the process of designing and rehabilitating dilapidated urban green spaces, while respecting the Iranian horticultural culture, the systematic and accurate presence of productive plant species and urban horticulture spaces can be provided. In the place-making strategy, for designing, constructing or reviving public orchards, social orchards, educational agricultural landscapes, planting fruit trees in parks, restoring promenades and improving the visual landscape of urban green space, we can pay attention to the indigenous patterns of multifunctional gardening of Persian gardens.

Reducing the density of open and green urban spaces in today's cities has created many challenges related to the social health of citizens on the one hand and the urban environment on the other hand. In fact, principled communication with public open and green spaces in cities, and planning based on the environment and sustainability, in addition to providing a platform for the emergence of healthy activities and the development of public sports, can be beneficial for the health of the environment and also a significant impact on people's physical and mental health. Considering the rare potential of Iran in relation to the promotion of public sports and the environment, planning for sports parks can be in this direction. Therefore, the aim of this research is locating and environmental design of the sport parks with development of public sports concept approach. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose, in which field studies, library studies related to the factors affecting site selection and environmental design have been examined and finally the important criteria for sote selection of sport park in Chitgar forest park were determined. Then, using GIS, the required data from the scope of the study will be recognized and analyzed and the maps related to each of these criteria in Chitgar forest park were presented. Results show that the criteria in order to importance such as slope, direction, soil drainage, texture and fertility of soil, land use, as well as accessibility and density of vegetation in the study area will influence the site selection of sports parks. Based on these results and through the superimposition of the explained layers in Arc Map, areas of Chitgar Park have been identified as suitable places for the construction of a sports park, and finally, a strategic plan for these areas with development of the concept of public sports approach has been proposed.

In recent years, the desire for studying architectural engineering in Iran has been increased despite the decrease in the mathematics-physics volunteers. This article seeks to analyze the change in attitudes and perceptions towards selecting architecture as a major before and after graduation. To achieve the purpose of the research, qualitative research method and semi-structured interview tools with students in different levels, professional architects and university professors are used to collect data. The results of the study show that almost all the interviewers had chosen this major intentionally and not randomly based on their “interest". "Having both scientific-artistic dimensions", "growing in the artistic family context" and "gaining social prestige" have been the other main reasons for selecting this major. However, most graduates do not recommend selecting this major due to market downturn, lack of job opportunities, and low income. Meanwhile, the income issue was not generally considered when selecting the major. In this study, selecting architecture major for the second time was questioned in case of going back to the past, and a significant difference was observed between the students’ group and the graduates. According to the results, while the majority of graduates, including postgraduate and doctoral students, professional architects and instructors, did not select architecture again due to the undesirable market and conditions for studying or working abroad, the majority of the student group will select architecture again. The results of this study indicate that students had selected architecture major by interest and with sufficient knowledge about the nature of the major, but still there is no accurate picture of the realities in professional market and for continuing education abroad. Therefore, it is necessary to provide more detailed knowledge for students interested in architecture with focus on income, professional market in the country and abroad and also chances for continuing education abroad.

Every city is made up of different elements, which cohesion, uniformity and creating harmony between them helps to increase the beauty; Textures, alleys, neighborhoods, streets, natural indicators, etc. are among these elements; in addition, every city has its own history and culture, and the harmony of the city's beauty with its history and culture increases the feeling of belonging to that city; because part of the identity of the urban landscape is linked with the past body of the city. One of these elements affecting the beauty of cities is the park. this research has been done by examining the concept of the city and then with the aim of reinterpreting and designing the landscape of Kooh Sangi Park in Mashhad in the direction of renewing its identity and its impact on the street landscape. Mashhad is the second largest and most populous city in Iran, which has unique historical, cultural and ethnic, pilgrimage and tourism characteristics, and has an important function of unifying and national and religious identity and diverse potential economic capabilities. Kooh Sangi Park is one of the most famous, most beautiful and oldest tourist places in Mashhad, and the Kooh Sangi axis is the main access to this entertainment complex, and this issue is a valid reason for the importance of this research.  One of the important questions is to examine the factors affecting space and place and to evaluate the criteria for recognizing the sense of belonging. While paying attention and precision in these concepts and examining them, the research method is practical in terms of the goal, and the research method is a descriptive analytical type, along with quoting the words of great people such as "Charles Butt" and "Proshensky". Among these people is "Stephen Kaplan" who in his evolutionary theory emphasizes people's information and the level of familiarity with the landscape, orientation and discovery of new study information on beauty preference. The statistical population of the research includes users of Kooh Sangi Park and residents and passers-by of Kooh Sangi Street. Due to the unlimited number of people in the statistical population, the number of 384 people was estimated as the statistical sample size using Cochran's formula. The most important research tools are questionnaires and guided interviews of random samples. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that all the criteria of urban sector identity except education, social services, transportation and security and fighting crime are in a favorable condition in the studied area and are effective factors on urban identity. It was also founded that this index has the highest priority among the selected indices and the economic index has the least importance.

The main purpose of this research is to present the fundamentals and guidelines for designing in the direction of sustainable development fundamentals of natural forest parks and possibility of their developments in the form of physical growth and functional development. Protection from natural resources sustainable development of naturism in forest parks can be the purpose of designing these environments.The expected results from this research is the reduction of contrasts in sound natural areas by using zoning method or emphasis on protection and natural quality development and diminishing human aggression at a regional level.In this research by a fundamental, scientific and researchal trend, designing of Telar Forest Park in Qaemshahr which is located in the suburb of this city as the only forest park, we can take appropriate measures to revive and renovate forest ecosystem and promotion of the tourism industry and naturism of the area on the basis of suitable environmental planning.In this regard, the designing process of the park has accomplished based on evaluation of ecological potential, visual landscape features and recognition of people’s preferences. Using park by the analysis of questionnaires, the needs and spotting applications and their interactions with one another and finally presenting guideline scheme and scenery design in accordance with purposes and fundamentals of sustainable development and naturism.

Considering the establishment of the academic field of landscape architecture in the last two decades in Iran, it seems that revision and improvement of the academic education of this field is useful and even necessity at this point of time, both in terms of defining the boundaries of academic fields and helping the profession of landscape architecture nationwide. This article deals with the educational issues in landscape architecture as a profession-based academic field, taking into account the global definition and the areas required in its education as well as international educational standards, including the ones stated in the IFLA/UNESCO Charter for Landscape Architecture Education which was compiled jointly by the United Nations Scientific, Cultural and Educational Organization (UNESCO) and the International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA). In this article, the necessities to relate the academic education to the profession and to obtain professional accreditations for training courses from the related professional body, in addition to the requirement to obtain professional certification, recognition and registration for landscape architects were investigated. The results of this study are concluded in the form of suggestions for improving the university education in the field of landscape architecture in Iran with expressing the necessity of collaboration between all stakeholders including universities, scientific and professional bodies and societies in accreditation of educational programs and registration/licensure procedures for the university graduates in Iran.