فصلنامه تازه های علوم شناختی
سال بیست و پنجم شماره 3 (پیاپی 100، پاییز 1402)

Major depressive disorder, in addition to mood problems, along with several cognitive defects, such as weakness in autobiographical memory and episodic future thinking, is an issue that many treatment methods have been used to improve. The present study aims to investigate the effect of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on autobiographical memory, episodic future thinking, and depression in patients with major depressive disorder.

This research was a randomized quasi-experimental design of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a three-month interval. A number of 30 people, ranging from 18 to 60 years (22 women and 8 men) were selected using the available sampling method among the clients of the psychiatric clinic of Tehran Institute in 1400 and 1401, following the entry and exit criteria, and selected randomly in two experimental groups (15 people) and control (15 people) were replaced. The study tools included a SCID structured interview to diagnose depression, an autobiographical memory test, episodic future thinking, and a DASS-21 stress-anxiety-depression questionnaire. The experimental group received treatment based on ACT for eight sessions the sessions were individually held once a week for half an hour, and the control group did not receive any training. For data analysis, a mixed intragroup-intergroup analysis of variance test was used by SPSS-26.

The results from the mixed intra-group and inter-group variance analysis revealed that ACT significantly improved autobiographical memory and episodic future thinking (P<0.05). Additionally, ACT was noted to reduce depressive symptoms during both the post-test and follow-up stages in the experimental group, outperforming the control group.

Based on the results of this study, considering the effectiveness of treatment based on ACT and the durability of its effect in the three-month follow-up, this treatment method is recommended for improving cognitive defects such as overgeneralization of autobiographical memory, episodic future thinking, and reducing symptoms of major depression.

The present study aimed to present a cognitive model of resilience and investigate the relationship between executive functions and resilience mediated by cognitive emotion regulation strategies.

This study used the correlation method of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study was all firefighters working in 131 fire stations in Tehran, Iran, in the first half of 2018. Among them, 207 firefighters were chosen by random sampling method. To collect data, the Resilience Questionnaire (Connor & Davidson, 2003), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ, Garnefski, 2002), the Classic Stroop test (CST, 1935), and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test computer version (WCST, Berg et al, 1948) was used.

Data analysis, performed using structural equation modeling, demonstrated a significant positive correlation between executive functions and resilience (P<0.01). Similarly, a significant positive correlation was found between adaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and resilience (P<0.01). However, a negative correlation was observed between maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies and resilience (P<0.01). No significant correlation was found between executive functions and adaptive and maladaptive cognitive emotion regulation strategies. Furthermore, the non-linear effect of executive functions on resilience was found to be insignificant (P>0.05).

This model demonstrates a firm fit. The research findings suggest that resilience can be effectively predicted through executive functions. Furthermore, it enhances people's resilience by fostering cognitive emotion regulation strategies and executive functions.

Studies emphasize the possibility of cognitive and emotional controlling of creativity. Various studies indicate that emotional and behavioral harassment could be implemented independent of conscious choice and guidance, which could be applied to influence creativity.These studies use external environmental stimuli and preparation techniques to activate mental representations, often based on the theory of embodied cognition, an approach that provides a basis for turning mental states into physical ones and vice versa. In other words, physical states can affect or even induce psychological states and thus affect behavioral outcomes.Over time, the concept that creativity also has a physical foundation has gradually evolved. Research evidence has shown that embodying common verbal metaphors in a specific language, both mentally and physically, can lead to the promotion of convergent and divergent thinking. Therefore, this research raises these questions for the first time: which symbol of embodiment can be attributed to creativity? Furthermore, can such an embodied symbol replace embodied verbal metaphors related to the concept of creativity and be used as a trigger or environmental stimulus to facilitate creativity?Therefore, this innovative research aims to extract the embodied symbol of creativity (based on the embodied cognition approach) and investigate its impact on creativity.

This mixed-method research was carried out in two stages: 1) Qualitative-extracting the embodied symbol of creativity and 2) Quantitative-examining this symbol on the level of creativity of industrial design students. First, during a call with the aim of extracting the physical symbol of creativity, the students of theater schools in the country were invited to imagine themselves in a state as if a creative idea came to their mind and then take pictures of their performance state (facial mimicry, shoulder and hand position). Then, the set of submitted images (80 images) was judged by five experts. Next, this symbol was reevaluated and voted on 30 volunteer art students at Tabriz Islamic Art University, so the image with the most affinity for inducing the concept of creativity was selected as an embodied symbol of creativity.In the second stage, to investigate this symbol's effectiveness on creativity, a semi-experimental method was used with a pretest-posttest design along with a control group. The target population included all students in the 4th to 6th semester of Bachelor of Industrial Design at Tabriz Islamic Art University. The sample group included 30 people who volunteered to participate in the research and were randomly divided into two groups of 15 people as experimental and control groups. Before the start of the intervention, both groups took Torrance's Figural test as a pretest (Form B) and were again tested with the same test as the posttest after two weeks. During the posttest, the experimental group, at the same time, was given the embodied symbol of creativity as an intervention, but the control group received no intervention. The data obtained were analyzed using the multivariate covariance methods on SPSS-23 software.

In the first stage of the research, the images received from 80 theater students showed that 68% of the images are closely similar in terms of facial expressions, shoulder, and hand movements (indicating the "Aha moment"). In the meantime, after the final judging by five experts and voting by 30 art students, Figure No. 1 was chosen as the embodied symbol of creativity with the most votes (13 votes), which was 43% of the total votes.In the second stage, the average age (standard deviation) of the experimental and control groups were calculated as 21.53±0.834 and 21.80±0.941, respectively. In addition, the information about the participants' gender, separated into two experimental and control groups, showed that the gender of the majority of the experimental group members was female (60%), and the gender of the majority of the control group members was male (93.3%).This study examined the impact of tangible symbols of creativity on the creativity levels of industrial design students. The descriptive findings revealed an increase in the creativity post-test scores of the experimental group. This improvement was evident in key statistics like the mean and standard deviation. Meanwhile, the control group's scores remained essentially unchanged. The mean (standard deviation) in the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group was 159.20 (69.68) and 178.73 (59.45), respectively, and the mean (standard deviation) in the control group's pre-test and post-test were 181.13 (59.11) and 180.13 (60.67), respectively.Multivariate covariance analysis tests were used to determine the effect of the embodied symbol of creativity on the level of creativity and its sub-components (initiative, flexibility, fluency, and expansion). However, before the inferential analysis, parametric assumptions were also observed. Shapiro-Wilk test to measure the normality of the distribution of the research variables, Levine's test to check the equality of error variances, M-Box test to check the homogeneity of the variances of the dependent variables, and the assumption of homogeneity of the regression slope.In order to determine the effectiveness of the embodied symbol of creativity on the creativity sub-components, the multivariate covariance analysis test was used, indicating its significant effect on the fluency sub-component of creativity in the experimental group (F=18.54, P<0.01). Moreover, the effect size (Eta square) indicates that the changes in the scores of the groups in the fluency component, as much as 0.436, were caused by the implementation of the independent variable (an embodied symbol of creativity).

The findings indicate the extraction of the embodied symbol of creativity in the innovative way of this research and its ability as a trigger (effect size 0.436) of the cognitive dimension of the creativity process based on the promotion of the fluency component (F=18.54, P<0.01). However, using this symbol has not affected the other sub-components of creativity (originality, flexibility, and elaboration).The results indicate that it is possible to consider the extraction of an embodied symbol that gives the same visual direction and reference to the mental metaphors of different people about the concept of creativity. Due to its similarity with the representational mode of "Aha Moment", it could advance beyond the boundaries of the Persian language and its mental metaphors to find a cross-cultural application. However, conclusive results in this area require more extensive neurological evidence and experiments.

Introduction:

 Modern life's most significant stressor is divorce, drastically altering a person's lifestyle. Divorce lowers self-efficacy in women and single mothers. Bandura's social-cognitive theory defines self-efficacy as a person's perception of competence, sufficiency, and life-coping abilities. This study also assessed responsibility. Responsibility is meeting needs without denying others.Psychologists and counselors utilize many methods to boost self-efficacy and responsibility. This study uses acceptance and commitment, and reality therapy. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) helps people alter their connection with their ideas and emotions via acceptance and value-based behavior. William Glasser calls reality therapy a choice-based evolutionary systemic psychotherapy. This theory views humans as an inwardly motivated system with purposeful activity and a perpetual pursuit of life balance. Research indicates that ACT can provide significant support and benefits to women who are going through or have completed the divorce process. In addition to prioritizing action and strategic planning, these two behavioral models concentrate on distinct aspects of human life, which forms the basis of their comparison. This study examines whether ACT and reality therapy, which view destructive relationships as the root of human problems, have the same effect on divorced women's self-efficacy and responsibility.

Methods :

Quantitative and applied, this quasi-experimental study has a pre-test, post-test, and 3-month follow-up with a control group. The statistical population includes all divorced women in Hamedan who were referred to family court-supervised therapy clinics between 2019 and 2021. Inclusion criteria:1. Participants are assessed for mental health using the Symptoms Checklist-90-Revised questionnaire (Derogatis et al., 1973) and accepted if they are healthy. 2. 25-45-year-olds participate. 3. Divorced 1-3 years. 4. Participants are high school graduates. Exclusion criteria:1. Psychologically treated participants. 2. Non-drug-treated participants. 3. Missed training sessions. 4. Study participants can quit. Following procurement of the ethical code (IR-IAU-REC.1401.076) from the university, the research team made visits to Rouzbeh, Farzaneh, and Mehravar counseling centers in Hamedan, Iran, to seek permission for conducting research. Eligible individuals signed informed consent papers, and a university staff member led two experimental groups via eight weekly 90-minute therapy sessions. The control group received no intervention. Professional ethics require that control group members receive individual therapies following the treatment period. After the intervention, all groups had a post-test and follow-up and thanked the participants. Collecting data:1. Responsibility Acceptance Questionnaire (Gap, 1984). 2. GSEQ (Sherer et al., 1982). 3, Reality Therapy Procedure. 4. ACT Protocol. Results A total of 55 participants were divided among three groups: reality therapy (18 participants), ACT (17 participants), and a control group (20 participants). The average age of participants in the reality therapy group was 31.33 years, with a standard deviation (SD) of 4.17 years. Meanwhile, those in the ACT group had an average age of 30.18 years with a SD of 7.04 years. Lastly, the Control group's members had a mean age of 32.20 years and a SD of 4.34 years. Within the group of reality therapy participants, 12 were parents, while six were not. Conversely, in the ACT group, only four participants had children, whereas 13 did not. The control group consisted of seven parents and 13 individuals without children. As for educational background, six members of the reality therapy group and nine members of the control group had graduated high school, while three did not. In the ACT group, nine participants held a high school diploma, six had further education, and two did not complete high school. The control group comprised eight high school graduates, ten with further education, and two who did not finish high school. Regarding marriage longevity, marriages among reality therapy participants lasted between 22.5 and 42.2 years. Couples in the ACT group were married for either 53.5 or 38.2 years, while those in the control group had marriages lasting 15.6 or 18.2 years. Lastly, the average time post-divorce for the reality therapy group was 24.67 to 7.84 months. ACT group had 27.06 and 0.94 months since the divorce. The control group was 26.55 and 7.19 months divorced.

Results:

 demonstrate the three research groups' pre-test, post-test, and follow-up responsibility and self-efficacy components. Both experimental groups increased responsibility and self-efficacy post-test and follow-ups. Control remained unaltered. The Shapiro-Wilk values of the dependent variables for the three groups of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up were examined to assess data distribution normality. Both dependent variables were negligible in all three groups and stages. Group and three study stage dependent variables are normally distributed. Levene’s test examined group homogeneity assumption of responsibility and self-efficacy error variances. Levene's test demonstrates that groups and three stages had an equal variance in responsibility and self-efficacy measure error scores. This helps research variable error variance homogeneity. Mauchly's test confirmed the dependent variables' covariance matrices' sphericity. Repeated measures analysis of variance analyzed data after validating assumptions. Results demonstrate the reality and ACT therapy multivariate analysis on responsibility and self-efficacy. Results demonstrate that independent variables significantly affect responsibility and self-efficacy. Results illustrate repeated measures analysis of realism, ACT improving responsibility and self-efficacy. Responsibility and self-efficacy reveal solid group-time connections. Independent variables strongly affected responsibility and self-efficacy. Finally, Findings present responsibility and self-efficacy Bonferroni post-hoc test findings for the three groups and implementation stages. Results show that pre-test and post-test responsibility and mean self-efficacy scores differ statistically. Accordingly, post-test and follow-up differ. Responsibility and self-efficacy scores differ between reality therapy, ACT, and controls. Reality, acceptance, and commitment treatment increased pre-test, post-test, follow-up responsibility, and mean self-efficacy scores. Reality therapy, ACT differ significantly in responsibility and self-efficacy (P=0.015 and 0.042, respectively). This study found that reality therapy and ACT improved divorced women's accountability and self-efficacy. Reality therapy improves divorced women's responsibility more than ACT, which improves self-efficacy.

Conclusion:

 ACT increases divorced women's accountability. Afshari et al. (2022) (27), Barrett-Naylor et al. (2018) (28), and Flujas-Contreras and Gomez (2018) (29) found similar results.In the ACT model, participants learn to accept painful inner and exterior situations without fighting or coping. Acceptance lets people follow their values and give up control. This approach emphasizes goal formulation and values defined as the life route. Goals and values are personal. Divorced women have learned that obsessing over previous events and toxic relationships with their spouses does not help them have a worthwhile, rich, and entire life, and they must focus on the present to responsibly create their future.Reality therapy can also make divorced women more responsible. This matches Yadolahi Saber et al. (2019) (7). Reality therapy has proven beneficial in assisting divorced women to embrace self-acceptance, circumvent justifications, and desist from attributing blame to external circumstances or past events. It enables them to confront reality by focusing on aspects within their control—such as their thoughts, actions, and behaviors—while accepting those beyond their reach, such as divorce and external factors. Moreover, this therapeutic approach fosters optimism toward the future while helping them steer clear of common pitfalls. Divorced women may cope with their past and make better choices in the present by addressing their basic needs responsibly.Reality therapy outperformed ACT in enhancing divorced women's responsibility, and this matches Afshari et al study (2022) (27). Since one of reality therapy's core principles is to increase human responsibility, and a large portion of therapy sessions aim to increase group members' responsibility, reality therapy was expected to be more effective at increasing responsibility. Reality therapy is an existential and experiential therapy that respects the right to choose and requires individual accountability and responsibility. Existential therapies hold people responsible for their actions and choices, not past events, parental behavior, genes, negative events, fate, or unconsciousness. Reality therapists accept these aspects' impact but do not consider them the key determinants.ACT increased divorced women's self-efficacy. Eskandari (2020) (19), Raeesi et al (2021) (33), and Asadi Khalili et al (2020) (34) found similar results.Individuals who doubt their ability to adapt to change or who question their self-worth often find themselves stuck in the initial stage of unawareness. This can lead to a pessimistic view of change. These individuals must build self-efficacy and self-confidence to take action and sustain it. Most therapies—including ACT—require client control. Self-efficacy determines my ability. ACT tasks and values enhance self-efficacy. Flexibility, clarifying beliefs, communicating change, and completing activities can boost self-efficacy and client responsibility in acceptance and commitment therapy. Divorced women gain self-confidence from reality therapy. Asadi Khalili et al (2020) (34), Li et al (2018) (36), and Low and Gue (2015) concur (37). Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to accomplish tasks or adapt to various circumstances successfully. However, crises can significantly hinder this confidence. For example, divorce can lead to mental health issues in women. World therapy offers a solution, aiding women in managing these challenges by facilitating the creation of a supportive environment.Reality therapy has taught participants to face problems, not blame others, use internal control instead of external control, take responsibility, and use all their abilities to handle divorce issues. This method helps women solve problems instead of arguing or fleeing, boosting their responsibility and self-efficacy.The results showed that reality therapy was less effective than acceptance and commitment therapy at increasing self-efficacy in divorced women. Asadi Khalili et al (2020) found similar results (34).ACT could potentially surpass reality therapy in effectiveness, given its proven strategies. These techniques have demonstrated success in both laboratory and experimental studies involving diverse groups. Reality Therapy, being a more recent approach, is still in its evolving stages. Targeted ACT can give people quick and deep insight, giving them the courage and strong will to plan intelligently, start a program, and continue despite opposition from others or their negative self-concepts, which Steven Hayes says is an effective way to cope with failure. Divorced women agree with Steven Hayes that "the problem is not whether you have hardships and pain in your life, because life is always accompanied by pain and suffering of humans." Your life values these difficulties." High self-efficacy. Reality therapy increases self-efficacy, while ACT is better for some reasons.Reality therapy is more successful in increasing responsibility and self-efficacy in divorced women than ACT. Counselors and psychotherapists can use both methods to help divorced women. The COVID-19 pandemic limited class attendance, limiting this study. Divorced women's issues necessitated frequent follow-ups and encouragement to continue sessions. Social workers may help future studies focus on teaching and therapy. Given the effectiveness of ACT and Reality therapy, therapists and researchers should do a qualitative study combining both approaches to benefit divorced women.

During puberty, menstruation is known as an essential phenomenon for most girls.  Menstrual cycle disorders are prevalent in teenage girls (1). Premenstrual syndrome is a common disorder that occurs during menstruation until menopause. It is characterized by physical, mental, and behavioral changes in the luteal phase of women's menstrual cycle. Premenstrual syndrome starts 6-12 days before menstruation and continues until two days after menstruation (3). If this syndrome causes disrupts a person's family, social, and work activities during her life, it is called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (4). Premenstrual dysphoric disorder affects approximately 5% of women of reproductive age. Its symptoms include emotional, psychological, behavioral, and physiological changes that occur at the end of the last luteal phase and improve within a week after a period (5). Premenstrual symptoms can cause transitory problems in women, such as impairment in physical function and mental health, as well as severe impairments in occupational functions and social aspects (6). The aim of treating premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoria is to reduce symptoms and improve the performance and quality of life of women suffering from these two disorders. Treatment is divided into drug and non-drug treatments, including diet, exercise, and behavioral therapy knowledge-based on cognition, emotion, and behavior. Therefore, negative and irrational thoughts can cause discomfort and problems in people (7, 9). Cognitive behavioral therapy emphasizes that thinking processes are as important as environmental influences. Therefore, negative and illogical thoughts can cause discomfort and problems in people. For this reason, this educational method aims to correct illogical ideas, ineffective beliefs, misinterpretations, and cognitive errors, provide a feeling of control over life, facilitate constructive self-talk, and strengthen coping skills. Since premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder can lead to long-term behavioral and psychiatric disorders such as mood swings, depression, and anxiety, and changes related to menstruation are considered an essential mediating factor in completed suicide (13, 14), this research aims to determine the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy on the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women in the city of Hamedan.

The method used in the present research was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test design with a control group and follow-up phase. The study's statistical population included all women aged 18 to 45 in Hamedan, Iran who were referred to obstetrics and gynecology clinics in 2022. The sampling method was purposeful and convenient. Questionnaires were distributed in three large gynecology and obstetrics centers in Hamedan City. Three hundred eighty-four people were selected using Morgan's Sampling Table. After dropping volunteers, 216 participants were selected to complete the Premenstrual Symptom Screening Tool (PSST) questionnaire. Finally, based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 40 people were randomly divided into four separate groups of ten people each for premenstrual syndrome (experimental group n=10 and control group n=10) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (experimental group n=10 and control group n=10). The inclusion criteria included being between the ages of 18 and 45, having regular periods, not taking any special medication, and obtaining the required score based on the cut-off point of the screening questionnaire. Premenstrual symptoms with a score of 19-28 were classified as premenstrual syndrome, and a score higher than 28 was classified as premenstrual dysphoria. Participants who scored between 19 and 28 were placed in the premenstrual syndrome group, and those who scored higher than 28 were assigned to the premenstrual dysphoric disorder group. Exclusion criteria included not wanting to cooperate at any stage of the research and not participating in more than two sessions in the study. The data obtained from statistical methods of univariate covariance analysis were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

The results show that cognitive behavioral therapy is effective for women suffering from premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder between 18 and 45 years old in Hamedan city. This section consists of two parts. The first part shows a significant difference between the mean scores of the premenstrual syndrome post-test of the two experimental and control groups (F=8.33, P<0.01). Besides, a significant difference was found between the mean scores of premenstrual syndrome follow-up of the two experimental and control groups (F=28.05, P<0.0001), indicating the durability of the treatment. Therefore, the difference in mean values is significant, and indicatively, cognitive behavioral therapy reduced premenstrual syndrome symptoms. The second part indicates a significant difference between the mean scores of the premenstrual syndrome post-test of the two experimental and control groups (F=9.36, P<0.007). Moreover, a significant difference was observed between the premenstrual syndrome follow-up scores of the two experimental and control groups (F=21.97, P<0.0001), indicating the durability of the treatment. Hence, the difference in mean values is significant, and demonstratively, cognitive behavioral therapy reduced premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms.

The results indicate that cognitive behavioral therapy, using implemented strategies and techniques, is effective in reducing the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder in women. Therefore, this treatment method can be considered a low-risk and safe approach without any side effects. Additionally, considering the duration of the follow-up phase in the present study, it can be said that cognitive behavioral therapy has long-lasting and stable effects over time, making it a promising treatment for women who suffer from future anxiety.

Family and employment are indispensable components of modern life (1) In this regard, in recent years, the employment of both partners has given rise to widespread changes in family structure and roles (2). Changes in the roles along with those in relationships and family structures in families, including employed couples, result in various issues that can affect not only family life but also working life (3). Marital satisfaction is among the most crucial aspects related to family life that a couple's employment can influence (4). A satisfactory life can lead to more flexibility in managing life burdens, lowering the risk of mental harm, better adaptation, longer life, and lowering emotional health problems (8).Executive functions are regarded as one of the most fundamental aspects of cognitive performance, which turns to control (regulatory) mechanisms mainly used to regulate human cognition and behaviors (47).Theory of mind can play a mediatory role between the variables of executive functions and marital satisfaction. Understanding the relationship between these variables can not only improve and enhance life satisfaction but can also help resolve marital problems and conflicts. The current study aimed to design a marital satisfaction model based on executive functions with the mediatory role of the theory of mind among employed couples. 

The current study can be classified as primary research as far as the research purpose is concerned, and in terms of the data collection procedure, it can be regarded as descriptive-correlational research. The research sample of this study included all employed couples in Tehran, Iran, in 2022. The sampling procedure was clustering-stratified so that two regions were randomly selected from the twenty-two Tehran regions. Then, the intended qualified couples to participate in the research were chosen in each region. There were eleven noticeable variables for each of which twenty participants were considered. The number of two hundred and twenty participants is adequate for the research sample. Accordingly, given the burden involved, five hundred and ten participants were regarded so that the researcher could gain access to the desired sample in case of attrition based on the opinions of specialized figures. Among this group, data from five hundred individuals were suitable for analysis. The instruments applied in the current study were as follows:Barkly Executive Functions Scale: This eighty-nine-statement scale is a self-report instrument that applies for the age range of eighteen to eighty-one and includes five sub-scales which measure five actions including executive action of self-management of time, self-organization– problem-solving, self-control-inhibition, self-motivation, and self-discipline. Cronbach's alpha coefficients for sub-scales lay within the range of 0.80 and 0.92, whereas for the whole scale, the figure was 0.96.Visual Stories Assignment of Theory of Mind: Corcoran, Cahill, and Frith (1997) introduced visual stories to assess the theory of mind, including six visual story cartoons. in this assignment, the participants were asked to put a series of pictures correctly. In the case of failure, the participants were guided by the researcher, and later, they were asked to provide oral explanations for each picture and answer some incorrect beliefs. Correct ordering of the pictures received six points and correct answers to questions were assigned one score. Higher scores are indicative of a person's higher capability in theory of mind. This scale was administered in Iran by Mashhadi et al. (2015), and a reliability coefficient of 0.75 was reported using alpha Cronbach reliability (35).Enrich Marital Satisfaction Scale: This scale consists of thirty-five items, which measure four sub-scales of idealistic distortion, marital satisfaction, communication, and conflict resolution. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.68 was attained in this study (39).

The education of 11% of couples was post-graduate, 50.6% had a bachelor's degree, 33.4% post-graduate degree, and 5% had a PhD 33.4% of the couples were between 25 and 35 years old, 42.4% were between 35 and 45 years old, and 25.2% were 45 years old and older. Besides, 37.8% of couples had one child, 46% had two children, and 16.2% had three or more children. The results indicated that none of the research variables had a considerable deviation from normal distribution, and skewness of score distribution lay within the range of +2 and -2, while the kurtosis lay within the range of +3 and -3. Hence, the conclusion can be drawn that data are normally distributed.Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) was drawn to analyze the linear relationship between predicting variables, which was lower than ten for all variables. Furthermore, statistics on tolerance were reported to be 0.2 in this study. The frequency table was used to pinpoint univariate outliers, reporting no outliers. Additionally, the results of the Pearson correlation indicated a negative significant correlation between executive functions and marital satisfaction, whereas a positive significant correlation exists between the theory of mind and marital satisfaction (P<0.001).Results showed that the direct paths between executive functions and theory of mind (β=-0.398) (P=0.001) and that of marital satisfaction (β=-0.511) (P=0.001) are significant. Moreover, the bootstrap test in macro program was used to investigate the effect of the mediator variable of the theory of mind in the relationship between executive functions and marital satisfaction, the results of which are indicative of an indirect correlational path. Express differently, the theory of mind as a mediator variable between executive functions and marital satisfaction can directly affect the relationship between these variables. Therefore, the conclusion can be drawn that the theory of mind plays a mediatory role in the association between executive functions and marital satisfaction among employed couples.

The attained findings from the intended model showed that the theory of mind exerts a mediatory role in creating a relationship between executive function and marital satisfaction. A point can be made to account for these findings regarding the common nervous origin between executive functions and the theory of mind. Imaging studies proved that activities of different frontal regions are involved in the theory of mind and executive functions (53). By affecting the frontal region of the brain, executive functions can strengthen planning during the cognitive processes in the brain and create more constructive social interactions and social behaviors, including theory of mind (52). In addition, in some executive functions, such as cognitive flexibility, it is considerably required that people understand how people feel and think (53). Therefore, any injury to the frontal region can result in a person’s inability to perceive emotional messages and respond to them. Moreover, research in developmental psychology approves the relationship between executive functions and social awareness, particularly the ability to perceive one’s psychological conditions and those of others (54).

In December 2019, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the outbreak of a new viral infectious disease that originated in Wuhan, China (1). COVID-19 is highly contagious, causing acute respiratory syndrome (2). This disease has led to the death of more than six million people in the world (3). In 2022, the WHO identified this disease as a significant threat to both physical and mental health due to its impact on lifestyle changes. Adapting to pregnancy, childbirth, and taking care of babies is one of the most critical and stressful events in a woman's life, increasing the likelihood of psychological disorders in women (4, 5). During the COVID-19 pandemic, with the increase in mortality rate and social isolation, the prevalence of many psychological disorders increased (6). It is necessary to identify people prone to these disorders in order to improve the mental health of society with appropriate psychological methods and techniques (7). All of the people, specifically healthcare staff, are at the highest risk of mental disorders (8). Depression, stress, fear, and frustration can make people susceptible to diseases such as Coronavirus (9). Anxiety seems to be primarily due to the lack of information about unknown diseases among people (10). During the pandemic of this disease, stress and fear of the disease and death cause people to be involved with the anxiety of the disease (11). The anxiety of this disease, being quarantined at home, and the closing of many recreational and educational centers has threatened all members of society, exclusively mothers, and have made them susceptible to anxiety disorders, depression, and fear (13). Fear and anxiety among people due to the unknown nature of this disease cause irreparable damage to people's health. Among these injuries, we can mention significant mental disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, panic disorders, and behavioral disorders. Factors that cause these disorders include being away from family, loneliness, receiving false information from social media, financial insecurity, and loss of loved ones. Furthermore, the obligation to observe quarantine and stay away from others can cause people to suffer from depression (14). The importance of the physical and mental health of mothers in society is evident; considering the increasing growth of mental disorders, it is necessary to identify and provide medical services for them (15). Positive psychology emphasizes the increase of mental health and scientific study on the role of personal strengths and positive social systems in promoting optimal health. The goal of this approach is to improve people's living standards. Positive psychology deals with the positive issues of life, such as emotional regulation, well-being, positive thinking, and the like. Besides, it has an effect on improving compliance with treatment and reducing the anxiety of corona in patients (16, 17). Positive thinking refers to the process of focusing on positive emotions and positive behavioral habits. One study on positive thinking shows that it helps in coping with stress, anxiety, and other psychological disorders as well (18). Therefore, in this research, the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on positive thinking on depression, stress, and anxiety of mothers with a history of COVID-19 has been studied.

This study was semi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design. The population of the research was all mothers with a history of being infected with COVID-19 in Hamedan city, Iran, in 2021-2022. First, two healthcare centers were randomly selected. Forty mothers, aged 20-55 years, with at least a primary school education and who attended the training sessions, were chosen based on specific criteria. Those with a history of positive thinking courses, psychological disorders, or incomplete questionnaires were excluded. The selected participants were then randomly divided into two groups: An intervention group and a control group. The experimental group participated in the sessions. Over the course of four weeks, participants engaged in cognitive therapy focused on positive thinking, attending two 1.5-hour sessions each week for a total of eight sessions. These sessions introduced participants to key concepts and techniques of cognitive behavioral therapy centered on positive thinking. Additionally, participants were instructed to practice exercises related to these concepts on the same day they were introduced. The educational material was based on Susan Quilliam's book "Positive Thinking and Applied Positivism" (18).In this research, socio-demographics, Beck's anxiety and depression questionnaire, and perceived stress scale were used. Beck's anxiety questionnaire: The internal consistency (alpha coefficient) is 0.92, its reliability is 0.75 with the retest method after one week, and the correlation of its items varies from 0.30 to 0.76 (20).Beck's depression questionnaire: The internal consistency of this questionnaire is reported as 0.72-0.92 with an average of 0.86. Correspondingly, the alpha coefficient is 0.86 for psychiatric populations and 0.81 for non-psychiatric populations. The reliability of Beck's test with the test-retest method is reported as 0.48 to 0.86 according to the distance between the two tests and the studied population (21).Perceived Stress Scale: Cohen et al. reported that the retest reliability of the PSS was 0.85, and the internal consistency of this test was calculated from 0.84 to 0.86 (32). The construct validity of this questionnaire was acceptable P<0.5 (24). SPSS-24 software was used in order to analyze the data.

Based on the obtained results, 42.5% were between 30 and 40 years old, and 65% had a diploma. The mean of depression, stress, and anxiety in the pre-test and post-test stages is 29.42, 36.07, and 38.72, respectively, with a standard deviation of 6.05, 6.88 and 7.72. The post-test average is 26.42, 34.9, and 33.5, respectively, with a standard deviation of 11.56, 8.54, and 7.35. There was a significant relationship between stress (P=0.000) and anxiety (P=0.024) with mothers' age. The difference between depression before and after positive thinking cognitive therapy was not significant (P=0.310, F=1.244), but this treatment was effective on stress (P=0.038, F=2.486), and mothers' anxiety (P=0.000, F=11.96), with a history of COVID-19, had an effect.The results of checking the assumptions of one-way covariance analysis test are as follows:The groups are independent of each other, the distribution of the dependent variables (depression, stress, and anxiety) is normal, and Levene's test was run to check the homogeneity of the variances of the dependent variables. The test results showed that the variance of the groups is homogenous, and between the pre-test of depression, stress, and anxiety, and the independent variable is a linear correlation. The assumption of correlation between the associated variable and the independent variable has been met (P<0.05)

Positive thinking intervention reduces the psychological problems of the patients, including depression, stress, and anxiety, which ultimately results in increased life expectancy, adaptation to the conditions of the disease, and better relationships with relatives. In addition, the reduction of problems related to psychological disorders, generally, led to an increase in better mental conditions concerning the Coronavirus disease. According to the results of the present study, it is recommended to use cognitive therapy based on positive thinking psychological clinics and enter as an effective intervention method. 

Digital marketing encompasses the entirety of online marketing activities. Organizations utilize various digital platforms, including search engines like Google, social media platforms, email communication, and websites, to engage with both their existing and potential customers. This paradigm shift has firmly positioned online sales as a dominant force, surpassing traditional sales methods. Consequently, the effectiveness of conventional business practices has waned, giving way to the ascendancy of digital strategies that resonate more with contemporary audiences. Enterprises that focus on web-based advertising are often referred to as internet businesses. They center their operations on creating content and analyzing interactions with their customers. Within this context, the evaluation and mastery of content marketing, as well as the production of relevant and engaging content, stand out as pivotal in conquering the digital marketplace. Insights into customer preferences and satisfaction are frequently expressed through online interactions, most notably in the form of comments and feedback. This trove of customer sentiment is paramount significance for marketing and sales of a diverse array of products. These insights catalyze sales growth and facilitate the unhindered exchange of information between consumers, a dynamic not readily achievable through conventional methods. The unfettered dissemination of customer viewpoints and experiences assumes a critical role in influencing purchasing decisions and guiding consumers toward or away from confidentchoices. Hence, it is imperative to establish a robust framework that can seamlessly facilitate the interactive exchange of products and services between businesses and their customers. The practical implementation of such a strategic framework mandates resource investment in terms of time, finances, and access to a comprehensive customer database a resource readily available in the digital age through the ubiquity of social networks.

This study employed fuzzy logic for content marketing analysis within the realm of prominent TV brands in Tehran, Iran. Fuzzy logic, a mathematical modeling technique, proved indispensable for addressing the intricacies of ambiguity and inaccuracies inherent in the face of a myriad of uncertainties. The implementation of the model was executed in MATLAB and structured across three pivotal phases: fuzzification, intelligent inference analysis, and difuzzification. The formulation of rule functions typically correlates directly with the number of research variables, as well as the inputs and outputs of the model. This study's research variables encompass the leading TV brands, each assessed under the lenses of cost, dimensions, usage, panel type, quality, level, and resolution. Accordingly, the study encompasses 126 rules classified into high, medium, and low-impact categories within a triangular classification scheme. The model's outputs, aligned with the same triangular format, are divided into these three impact groups. The Fuzzy Inference System (FIS) utilized Mamdani's inference core for the intelligent inference analysis stage. The model's execution entailed processing input data gathered through field surveys and questionnaires conducted within Tehran, with subsequent validation by experts. The data compilation and evaluation variable definition process, incorporating well-known TV brands and customer-centric characteristic attributes, was initiated through an initial database curated on the Telegram platform. Information collection emphasized core keywords acquired over three months from sales channels, internet advertisements, and groups within Telegram. This data corpus encompasses over 550 diverse opinions, functioning as parameters such as cost, dimensions, usage, panel type, quality, level, and resolution concerning various TV brands. These evaluation indicators are spotlighted as pivotal variables, particularly relevant for the major brands under investigation: Samsung, LG, TSL, X-Vision, MGS, and SNOWA products. All brands and indicators scrutinized in the analysis were central to the discussions and interactions among Telegram users.

This study segment delves into investigating the actions and modeling executed within the research framework. These activities are categorized into three distinct domains: Internet businesses in Tehran, the Telegram network, and the implementation of the fuzzy model. The examination of Tehran's urban landscape through field surveys unveiled the presence of approximately 30 active Internet enterprises. Notably, the primary endeavors of these web entrepreneurs are intricately linked to digital marketing. Within this context, one notable facet of these business operations pertains to the marketing and promoting of diverse TV brands, a pivotal focus of this research endeavor. Collectively, this industry sustains direct employment for an estimated 900 to 1200 individuals, significantly elevating efficiency levels, particularly in the TV sector after mobile phones. Iran, holding Telegram in high regard, acknowledges its prominence as a leading platform for sales and advertising, following the heels of Instagram. The distinctive capabilities of Telegram have garnered pronounced attention within the realm of social network marketing, positioning it as a primary business focus within the Iranian context. This prominence designates Telegram as this study’s the foundational and evaluative framework, as delineated within the methodology. The fuzzy model adopted in this study originates from MATLAB software's fuzzy toolbox.In light of the evaluation outcomes, X-Vision and Samsung have attained the highest content assessment and customer satisfaction ranks. In contrast, SNOWA registers the lowest rank among customers in Tehran, suggesting a general inclination toward foreign product purchases. Thus, a potential deduction is that companies adopting sales strategies akin to X-Vision and Samsung could secure more favorable market positions. On the opposite spectrum, domestic brands, whether due to limited recognition or lack of customer interest, manifest a lower rank than their foreign counterparts, consequently impacting their sales performance. The salient indicators that customers have underscored and accorded special significance to include cost, dimensions, usage, panel type, quality, surface attributes, and resolution. This constellation of considerations significantly influences the selection of TV brands. Notably, cost and quality elements emerge as pivotal considerations among customers, potentially serving as foundational pillars in product provisioning. Therefore, the strategic pursuit of providing high-quality products at competitive prices could translate into market capture, potentially outperforming domestic or lesser-known brand counterparts.

The current investigation explores the potential prowess of content marketing on the digital landscape, a widely recognized facet of digital marketing. This exploration is steered through applying artificial intelligence underpinned by fuzzy logic. The backdrop for this exploration is set within Tehran's community of evaluators, coupled with the influential Telegram platform serving as the structural foundation. Through comprehensive fieldwork, it was ascertained that within Tehran's online landscape, there exist around 30 active internet ventures. Among these, the digital sale of phones and televisions has emerged as the foremost performer, with content generation forming a robust sector. Pertinent data was collated from Telegram's social networks categorized into TV brands such as Samsung, LG, TSL, X-Vision, MGS, and SNOWA. Attributes defining these brands, including cost, dimensions, usage, panel type, quality, surface characteristics, and resolution, were systematically collected and subsequently integrated into the fuzzy model as inputs. The evaluation process within the fuzzy model hinged upon Mamdani's inference system and triangular functions, generating an output denoting the objective function or the potency of content marketing, a component realized through the MATLAB software platform. Evaluative outcomes unveiled X-Vision and Samsung as frontrunners, having achieved the highest echelons in terms of content appraisal and customer contentment. In contrast, SNOWA lagged behind, holding the lowest rank among these metrics. Concurrently, the pivotal cost and quality considerations emerged as cornerstones among Tehran's clientele, an audience inclined toward economically oriented television pursuits. These considerations echo their practical priorities, underscoring the economic dimensions of their choices.

The issue of justice is a cognitive and complex issue, including many dimensions. Observance of justice in the health system has resulted in individuals in a community receiving fair medical care, which in turn prevents an increase in morbidity and mortality. Healthcare justice encompasses various aspects, including the equitable distribution of resources and facilities, ensuring access to diverse care services, providing care responsive to patient needs, fair financing and allocation of healthcare costs based on financial capacity, efficient management, and the implementation of impartial decision-making processes in resource allocation (6, 7).Notably, one of the basic aspects in the evaluation of healthcare services is the issue of justice, which has become more important during the COVID-19 pandemic (8). This research tried to measure patients' assessment of justice in the health system during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is an essential challenge in Iran and involves all parts of the health system, by designing an intelligent model using Hopfield's neural network. An intelligent model means that the data is stored with minimal user intervention and automatically processing and extracting patterns and connections between a subset of data from these hidden, valuable, valid, novel, and understandable patterns for system learning (similar to experience human learning). Moreover, it can be used to predict the future (9). The design of an intelligent model during the COVID-19 pandemic can be used as a model for future research to design and improve models in other pandemics.

This research is applied research based on the method of data collection, which is descriptive-analytical. First, by studying the literature of the previous studies and using the experts' opinions, factors affecting justice in the health system were extracted. Then, a questionnaire was designed, and the data of 109 patients with COVID-19 who visited the medical centers of Isfahan city, Iran, were collected. After confirming the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, data obtained from the questionnaire was used in the intelligent model based on the Hopfield network, and the status of justice in the health system was measured. In order to design an intelligent model, Python programming language was used in the Anaconda environment and CRISP-DM methodology. CRISP-DM methodology consists of six phases: In the problem recognition phase, the problem and the purpose of the problem are explained first. The present research aims to design an intelligent model of a health system based on justice. In the data recognition stage, the data from the questionnaires were collected in an Excel file. This data had 25 columns and 109 rows. The questionnaire of the current research was published online on social networks such as LinkedIn, WhatsApp, Telegram and the like to the people who were infected with the COVID-19 disease and referred to the medical centers of Isfahan city, and some of the questionnaires were also given in person by referring to Al-Zahra hospital. In the data preparation stage, irrelevant and redundant fields were first removed in order to clean the data. Excess spaces and words have been eliminated from the text. Additionally, a 5-point Likert scale was utilized to respond to the survey questions. For this purpose, in order to create uniformity and convert qualitative propositions into quantitative ones, a number was assigned to each of the answers. For example, the word "Very good" was assigned the number 5, "Good" the number 4, "Average" the number 3, "Weak" the number 2, and "Very weak" the number 1. Then, the names of the columns were changed and replaced with English names. In the modeling phase, we modeled the data using the Hopfield neural network, and in the evaluation phase, the accuracy of the model was evaluated using the confusion matrix method. Moreover, according to the requirements, the development and deployment phase can be as simple as producing reports and as complex as the development of repeatable data mining processes.

Hopfield's recurrent neural network was trained and subsequently, it successfully identified the desired label corresponding to each spike within the dataset. For this purpose, the data was saved in a new CSV file called dataset_with_result.csv. In this file, a column called predicted label was created, which was created according to the specified patterns for each row. The labels "Very unfair", "Quite unfair", "Slightly fair", "Quite fair," "Very fair," or "Very fair" are divided. Then, this study divided the dataset based on the last prediction column of the CSV file and counted the number of data in each of the prediction labels using the count method. The number of labels predicted in table 1 is as follows:The prediction results of the Hopfield neural network for different records show that the highest amount of labels assigned by the network is related to "Quite fair" and "Slightly fair" labels, indicating that the level of satisfaction with justice is not at a favorable level.Moreover, in order to evaluate the results related to the accuracy of the model, the confusion matrix was used. The elements of the main diameter of the matrix represent the prediction of the Hopfield neural network in each of the classes, and the network has determined all the data to be the most similar pattern from the set of training patterns.

The study employed an intelligent model to examine the state of justice throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, highlighting the need for greater focus on equitable parameters within the healthcare system. Considering that most of the labels detected by the Hopfield network were related to "Quite fair" and then "Slightly fair", more and better attention is paid to the discussion of justice during the COVID-19 epidemic. Undeniably, the largest number of predicted labels indicates that the state of justice in the health system is not at an optimal level. More attention should be paid to the components affecting justice in the health system used in the smart model, such as the appropriate distribution of resources and facilities such as medicine, equipment medicine, access to medical centers, sufficient human resources in medical centers, access to COVID-19 diagnostic tests, and the like. The improvement of the disease is effective, the treatment process is faster, and the death rate and cases of this virus are reduced.The topic of justice within the health system emerged prominently during the coronavirus pandemic, highlighting a critical social crisis. However, this concern is not unique to COVID-19; it surfaces with each pandemic or epidemic that strikes. Evaluating the degree of justice in our health system is both important and necessary. Thus, this study lays the groundwork for future research aimed at assessing justice through innovative methods.

The Loud Thinking Protocol is utilized as a verbal reporting method in the fields of psychology and cognitive sciences. aim The aim of this research is to examine the methodology of the Loud Thinking Protocol in the dimensions of education and research.

This study adopts a qualitative approach and is conducted through a systematic review. The statistical population of the research comprises articles that have addressed this topic in various information sources. Data collection tools include a systematic review of keywords such as "Loud Thinking Protocol, verbal thinking, thinking aloud, specified thinking" in databases such as Sid, Irandoc, Magiran, ISC, Emerald, Scholar Google, Science Direct, ProQuest, Web Science, Eric Web of, and Scopus, They were systematically examined in several stages.

In this study, 17 concepts regarding the applications of the Loud Thinking Protocol in the field of education were obtained. Some of these concepts include: influencing individual knowledge, expressing and generating new ideas, enriching classroom discourse, and serving as a means to guide behaviors and problem-solving processes. Additionally, 13 concepts regarding the applications of the Loud Thinking Protocol in the field of research were identified. Some of these concepts include: a useful and effective method in research for extracting sufficient and reliable data in the study of metacognition of readers and the use of cognitive strategies, achieving analysis of tangible data, ensuring intercoder reliability in data coding, and providing direct data.

The utilization of this protocol leads to the generation of new ideas and the production of valuable and direct data in research. Its application creates new mental and linguistic communications within a community. Moreover, it adds new information to individuals' cognitive processes, enhancing their creativity, facilitating better understanding of others' mental and emotional states, and enabling behavior alignment with expected individuals' perceptions.

Modern scientific research relies heavily on scientific experiments to produce valid results. Scientists often claim that their work is based on empirical evidence. A common assumption in the scientific community is that many discoveries in each field are the direct result of quantitative methods and the mathematical modeling of the data collected by scientists. This study will focus on the theoretical assumptions and their implications for the outcomes of cognitive science. The main question is how and to what extent fMRI pictures can help scientists to justify their claims. So, the epistemic status of the fMRI pictures and their role in affirming theories in cognitive science should be addressed.

Using conceptual analysis and philosophical reasoning to examine the Theory-ladenness of observation in neuroimaging.

In this paper, I have shown that interpretation of fMRI pictures from other points of view is still possible and cannot be dismissed by mere experiments. The conclusions do not entail from their conceptual theories, essentially.

The fMRI pictures and observations in cognitive science are theory-laden. It can support many perspectives for looking at the fMRI pictures. It can have many profound impacts on the evolution of this discipline and help to use in different domains of human life. Thinking about the concepts used in cognitive science may open new horizons to this immature discipline.

Although educational neuroscience is a valuable source of information for education, some of the concepts and information published and advertised as educational applications of neuroscience are not valid information. Any educational concept or strategy in this field should be evaluated in order to determine its scientific validity and educational relevance. Focusing on the concept of mirror neurons, the present study aims to introduce a framework for evaluating information in the field of educational neuroscience,

 The current research on mirror neurons is reviewed in order to identify the position of this concept on the continuum of information in educational neuroscience.

In order to separate valid information from invalid information in the field of educational neuroscience, the concepts can be drawn on a continuum, on one side of which is established information and on the other side are myths. There are also some concepts that are called intelligent speculations that may join the category of neuromyths or become established information in the near future. The concept of mirror neurons is one that has attracted the attention of neuroscientists and educators alike in the past decades. The review of studies on mirror neurons shows that this concept should be included in the category of intelligent speculations, because there is still controversy about the validity of the research results related to the mirror system.

The concept of mirror neurons is an intelligent speculation that requires further exploration and investigation, and therefore educators should be careful in concluding educational applications from the literature of mirror neurons.