نشریه اقتصاد و بازار کشاورزی
پیاپی 1 (بهار و تابستان 1402)

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

Environmental pollution, issues and problems in the field of environment and its effects on the global environment are one of the main challenges and serious crisis of today's world, in such a way that countries, in addition to internal policies and measures, organize environmental issues in the international field also follows.

The study purpose is to investigate the level of environmental efficiency of selected economic sectors in Iran. For this purpose, panel data of selected economic sectors and sub-sectors of Iran (agriculture, oil, industry, transportation, and domestic, commercial, and public sectors) during the period from 1996 to 2018 have been used. The level of environmental efficiency has been estimated using the data envelopment analysis method based on mathematical programming, and the Malmquist index has been calculated to examine the progress or decline of the environmental efficiency of each economic sector. The variables used in the study include labor and capital as inputs and value-added as the desired output and carbon dioxide emissions as the undesirable output.

The agricultural and oil sectors are environmentally efficient during the study period, and the transportation sector has the lowest environmental efficiency. The highest average value of environmental efficiency is related to the agricultural sector, which is an acceptable result due to the fact that in this research we have considered the level of carbon dioxide pollution. The results of technological changes indicate that all sectors are moving towards progress, and the highest average value is related to the transportation sector and the lowest average value is related to the agricultural sector.

According to the research findings, the sectors that are less efficient have higher energy consumption, such as the transportation sector and the industry sector. Therefore, in order to reduce the amount of energy consumption and reduce the emission of environmental pollutants, it is possible to use low-carbon light fuels instead of heavy fuels, to use non-conventional fuels with low carbon such as waste materials, waste fuels and biomass, and to use hybrid filter technology to reduce pollutants. On the other hand, incentives and punishment are also very effective. The government should think of incentive measures to encourage efficient sectors, for example, it can give priority to the consumption of resources with lower prices to the agriculture sector and sectors that operate with less energy consumption and less biological pollution. Paying subsidies to efficient sectors is also effective. In order to protect the environment against the emission of carbon dioxide gas, selected economic sectors should go towards the consumption of high-quality fuels and clean energy, and the government should go towards supporting the development of renewable energy consumption.

Extended abstract
Introduction and

The activity of distributing sesame products has a high risk due to the lack of complete knowledge of consumers in different regions of the country. One of the methods of informing about the benefits of the offered products is advertising, which, if successful, leads to a reduction in the risk of the activity and, as a result, improves the business related to the distribution of these products in the country. But success in advertising depends on choosing the type of advertising and information.

In this research, considering different criteria in prioritizing advertising tools and using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, advertising criteria, and advertising tools were ranked.

Based on the results, the criteria of trust building, audience coverage, and the possibility of product testing were ranked higher than the criteria of cost, advertisement life, and advertisement effectiveness. Also, broadcast media, person-to-person marketing, and print media are three tools that have a higher priority according to experts.

Results showed that sales managers and suppliers of sesame products, considering the quality level of the product should use broadcast media in the field of introducing this product. Because this work covers a large part of the audience and compared to other advertising tools therefore, it is more effective. Of course, due to the high cost of broadcast media, they can use one-to-one marketing tools because it allows the customer to use the product as a sample test and create a measure of trust in the consumer.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

The high nutritional value and applications of oilseeds such as peanuts in the food industry have increased attention to the production status of these products. The Peanut is one of the valuable oilseeds, which is considered unique in terms of oil and protein percentage. Features, such as a short cultivation period, small investment, and suitable income generation for the villagers, the cultivation of this product is very attractive for farmers. Due to the climatic, geographical conditions, and long history in Guilan province, this activity has many capacities for development. The present research aim is to achieve the functional form of the correct production of peanut cultivation and the economic evaluation of the inputs used in the production process of this product.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in terms of research method. This research was conducted in Astana Ashrafieh city, the main hub of peanut production in Guilan province. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula, equal to 119 people. The main tool for collecting information in this research is a questionnaire. After preparing the list of almond farmers in this city by using a simple random sampling method, the required data was collected. To determine the correct functional form, first, 5 Cobb-Douglas, Transcendental, Translog, Quadratic, and generalized Leontief functional forms were estimated, and finally, the generalized Leontief model was selected as the best model.

The amount of partial elongation showed that chemical pesticides have the greatest effect, and chemical fertilizers have the least effect on changes in peanut yield. Also, the results of fitting the Leontief function confirmed the finding that the amount of peanut production factors in Guilan province is within the second production area. The economic value of machinery inputs calculated as 491112 rials, labor force 122285 rials, chemical poisons 53742 rials and chemical fertilizers 29679 rials. The results showed that the estimated economic value for different production inputs is very different from the market value.

All four factors of production have a partial elasticity of less than one, which indicates that the amount of production factors used in working almonds is optimal and the almond farmers of Guilan province produce within the limits of the second district. Due to the significant production elasticity of machinery input, it is recommended that the development of mechanization in peanut farming is one of the policy priorities in this province.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

Achieving high economic growth is one of the development goals in countries that have a direct relationship with the quality of the environment, because the increase in economic growth has led to an increase in agricultural and industrial activities and has caused an increase in environmental pollutants and more use of scarce natural resources, both of which will mean reducing the quality of the environment. But the path of a knowledge-based economy is a path that pursues both economic development and does not have the plagues of ordinary industrial development. Therefore, paying attention to the knowledge-based economy can be important in the path of sustainable development.

Considering the importance of the knowledge-based economy on the level of pollution, the present research examines the four knowledge-based economic indicators introduced by the World Bank, including economics; innovation; technology and education deals with the emission of three important pollutants, CO2, CH4 and N2O. To achieve this goal, 8 Islamic developing countries (D8) were used for the period 2000 to 2019, which were estimated with the help of Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) to investigate the effect of sub-indices on the amount of pollution, artificial neural networks were used. It has been used to Iran.

The results of the DOLS model showed that in all three pollution diffusion models, the information technology and the innovation indexs had a negative and significant effect on pollution diffusion and the education index had a significant positive effect. The results of the neural networks for Iran indicated that there had been a negative effect on the amount of pollution in all three sub-indicators of economic and innovation pollution.

The results showed that among the four indicators, the innovation index had a greater elasticity on the spread of pollution than other indicators. Therefore, it is suggested to invest more in the use of innovations in Iran and other D8 member countries. Also, according to the results of neural networks in Iran, it is suggested to move with more attention and more correct management in controlling corruption and the quality of regulations, as well as increasethe country's economic growth in the direction of reducing pollution.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

The pistachio crop is very important in Anar city and it plays an important role in the economy of this region. The purpose of this article is analyzing the efficiency of pistachio farmers using the technique of super efficiency coverage analysis in the Anar city.

To perform relevant modeling, the necessary information was collected from 250 working pistachios in the crop from 2019 to 2020 by completing a questionnaire in the Anar city. Then it was investigated by using super efficiency analysis technique.

The results of the study showed that the average level of technical efficiency in Anar city is 0.56% assuming constant return to scale (CRS) and 0.72% assuming variable return to scale (VRS). Also, the efficiency results of the scale indicated an efficiency of 0.74%. The efficiency findings compared to the scale of the samples showed that about 83% of the gardens are operating in the mode of efficiency compared to the ascending scale.

Based on the results, it is inferred that the way of managing the use of inputs in the investigated orchards has led to inefficiency in this field. Therefore, it is suggested to increase the efficiency of farmers and operators through proper management through training and promotional classes.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

The knowledge-based economy is one the factors of economic growth and development in countries, which has always been the focus of various governments. Advanced economies such as those of North America, Europe, or East Asia have achieved prosperity, independence, economic and political power in the past years by focusing on this type of economy. Therefore, the current study tries to investigate the effect of the innovation index on the green GDP by using Engel-Granger causality and past studies.

In this article, an attempt has been made to first use the Granger-parasitic method, which is used to detect the causality between time series, and then the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method to investigate the relationship between variables and the data needed in this study during the years 1995-2020 were collected from various sources, including the World Bank and the statistical yearbook of Iran. The results showed that fuel energy consumption, labor force, innovation index, and education index with green GDP do not cause Granger causality to each other, but Granger causality from green GDP to capital stock and vice versa (bidirectional relationship between them). It also flows from green growth to the education index and vice versa.

The results in the auto regression method with a broad interval showed that the partial elasticities of production for the inputs of fuel energy consumption, labor force, capital stock, human capital, global innovation index and education index are the same coefficients of the variables in the production function. Considering that the elasticities of inputs during production and in different years are constant in the Cobb-Douglas function; It can be interpreted in this way that the elasticity of green GDP with one break, human capital, global innovation index, global innovation index with one lag, education index and education index with one lag are 0.22, 0.21, 0.18, 0.35, 0.51 and 0.97 respectively.

As a result, it can be said that the development of a knowledge-based economy in Iran is not friendly to nature and creates CO2 and has a negative effect on green GDP.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

Today internationalization of small bussinessesis considered as a main factor in the economic development of warsaw economic units. Internationalization is beneficial for economic development,welfare of countries and gaining international reputation and as an important strategics option for the growth of small units.The purpose of these research is to examine the relationship between internationalization strategies and the classifications of knoeledge based companies structures.

The research is a quantitative research in terms of practical purpose and in terms of strategy. Depending on how the data is collected, the research is of a descriptive-survery type.The statistical population of this research is senior managers,middle managers and marketing officials of knowledge-based standard questionaries,which after face validity was confirmed with the help of PLS software,its construct validity was confirmed. Reliability was calculated and confirmed using Korniach,s alpha.Multiple regression and structured model were used to investigate the relationship between research variables.

In the test of the conceptual model of the research by PLS software,the pass confficient egual to (0.914) was obtained,which indicates the possitive impact of internationalization strutegies on structural classification and eccording to the T-statistics (6.035)at the %95 level,there is a significant relashionship between the internationalization strategies or the classification of the structures of knowledege-based companies,and this hypothesis has been accepted.
Conclution: It confirms the significant relashionship and influence of the role of internationa lization strategies or structural classification of knowledge.Based companies and among the changing dimensions of internationalization strategies,internationalization in the internal dimension has had the greatest effect om the structural classification of knowledge-based companies.

Extended Abstract

Introduction and

The agricultural sector is one of the most important economic sectors in every country, which in Iran has significant advantages such as land diversity, cheap labor, and less need for complex technology to produce all kinds of products in different seasons of the year. Therefore, it,s maded strengthening is essential for economic development, employment, and increasing non-oil exports. This article investigates the factors affecting the trade of agricultural products between Iran and the Russian Federation using the gravity model.

First, necessary statistics and information were collected from the websites of the Central Bank and the World Bank for the period from 2010 to 2020. Then, in order to investigate the influencing factors on the volume of bilateral trade of agricultural products of Iran and Russia, the generalized gravity model was used. Before estimating the model, first the reliability of the variables was checked through the Levin-Lin and Chu test, and then the gravity model was estimated using the panel data method. In this study, the data were used separately for the export sector, once for import and finally for the whole trade (exports + imports) to determine the effects of different variables on each sector. Then, the Hausman test results were analyzed to select the most suitable part for analyzing the results.

The results of Levin-Lin and Chow tests showed that all variables were significant and panel data were static. The estimated results of the gravity model for the three sections under study are statistically significant based on F-statistics. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating that the intercepts are different from different time periods and panel data should be used. The results of the Hausman test for exports, imports, and trade were calculated as 0.214, 0.4359, and 0.000 respectively, based on which trade estimation was selected for analyzing the results. Estimating the gravity model for trade indicated that the coefficient of the variable Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of both countries, which represents their economic size, is an important factor in the bilateral trade volume of agricultural products between Iran and Russia. Also, distance, real exchange rate, and virtual variable of membership in the Eurasian Economic Union are the effective factors in the bilateral trade volume of agricultural products between Iran and Russia.

Generally, increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of both countries leads to an increase in bilateral trade of agricultural products between Iran and the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is suggested that measures be taken in the decision-making of policy makers in the field of membership in organizations and commercial agreements, especially in the field of agriculture.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

Considering that in the framework of the knowledge-based economy, research and development costs are known as a type of investment in the economy, and therefore, considering the role and importance of research and development in the economy of countries, the main goal of this research is to investigate the effect of research and development is on the quality of the environment with an emphasis on the structure of the Kuznets curve.

In this research, the ARDL model has been used to investigate the effect of research and development on the quality of the environment, and after checking the reliability of the variables using Eviews 10 software, first, short-term model estimation, long-term model estimation, and error correction model estimation have been done, and stability and diagnosis tests have also been performed for reliability. The model fit is done well. The data analyzed in this research was collected from the statistics published by the World Bank and the time period analyzed in this research is 2001-2019.

The research results confirm the theory of Kuznets in Iran. Also, the results showed that the research and development variable in the long term has a negative and significant relationship with the amount of CO2 gas emissions, and by increasing research and development costs, the amount of CO2 gas emissions can be reduced.

Therefore, in order to move towards an economy based on knowledge and basic resources, developing countries need to pay sufficient attention to the modernization and development of the national innovation system. For this reason, one of the appropriate policy tools in this field is paying subsidies to invest in R&D in order to make appropriate technical changes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

Extended Abstract
Introduction and

Today, all developed and developing countries emphasize the importance of productivity as one of the necessities of economic development and gaining competitive advantage in the international arena. According to the new theories of economic growth, it is productivity that enables growth in the long run. On the other hand, the importance of the role of innovation in increasing competitiveness at the international level is obvious. Therefore, the main goal in the upcoming study is to investigate ways to increase the export of knowledge-based products using econometric relationships.

In the present study, spatial econometric models and data of 11 emerging countries (Brazil, Chile, China, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Singapore, India, Poland, and Thailand) along with Iran were used to investigate the effect of innovation and productivity on the export of knowledge-based products for the period from 1995 to 2018.

The results of the SAR model indicate a positive and significant effect of innovation and productivity variables on the export of knowledge-based products. Also, the examination of the spatial correlation coefficients shows that the spatial spillover of the export of knowledge-based products is one of the most important variables explaining the change in the production level of the export of knowledge-based products. In other words, the export of knowledge-based products of each country is affected by the export of knowledge-based products in neighboring regions.

According to the research results, policy makers and economic decision-makers are expected to pay serious attention to improving the innovation and productivity index in order to improve the export performance of knowledge-based products, and also pay attention to the choice of business partners and the localization of imported knowledge-based products in the direction of a resistance economy.