نشریه سیاست دفاعی
پیاپی 124 (پاییز 1402)

Iran's role in Syria is widespread not only in the recent war, but also in the course of history, so that these relations can be considered the oldest political, economic and military relations between Iran and one of the Arab countries in the Middle East. In the period after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, the cooperation between the two countries was mostly due to the existence of a common enemy. Therefore, the existence of the Ba'athist regime in Iraq and the Zionist regime, and now Salafi extremism as common enemies of the two countries, have been the most important variables affecting the strategic alliance between Iran and Syria. This study tries to answer the question using "descriptive-analytical method and from the perspective of the principles governing world politics in the Middle East and the principles of international law:" Iran's role in the Syrian crisis according to the realist logic of world politics in "How can the Middle East and the rules of international law be assessed?" The findings of this study show that the Islamic Republic of Iran, citing the originality of sovereignty and legitimate defense in international law and relying on intervention with the invitation and consent of the Syrian government and in the framework of defensive realism and threat balance, maintains its security from security. Syria has begun.

Historical and empirical evidence suggests that the process of state-building in the Islamic world and in developing countries has not only not gone well; Rather, it has faced a crisis of legitimacy, ethnic and religious violence, inefficiency, an identity crisis, and interference (Introduction). In this article, the etiology of the government crisis in Afghanistan and the strategy of the desired government as the goal of the article is presented as an issue (goal). Identity components have been an important factor in state-building in Afghanistan and have been delayed due to the persistence of identity and social conflicts. On the other hand, the role of external factors has also contributed to this issue. The main question of the article is that; What are the causes of the state-building crisis in Afghanistan? And what is the strategy of a favorable post-Taliban government? (Question) This research, in terms of fundamental-applied purpose, relying on qualitative method and descriptive-analytical type, intends to review and represent the mentioned question with library tools (method). In explaining the obstacles to state-building in Afghanistan,

After the events of September 11, 2001,, the United States and the International Coalition invaded Afghanistan under the pretext of suppressing al-Qaeda and Taliban terrorist groups, as well as establishing peace and security in the country;But American performance for a variety of reasons;Not only did it not contribute to peace and stability in Afghanistan;Rather, it led to a rapid re-emergence of the Taliban in the country.Therefore, the main question of the research is that the United States has an attitude towards Afghanistan, especially in the context of the Taliban regaining power in this country;What policy does it follow?The research hypothesis is that after 9/11,the United States began the peace process in Afghanistan in an effort to eliminate al-Qaeda and Taliban terrorist groups from the political and security scene; However, these measures, due to the complex foreign support for the Taliban and the conclusion of a peace agreement between Trump and the Taliban, led to the Taliban gaining power and re-ruling Afghanistan, which had a significant impact on regional equations, including security,Iran will have a national team.Research findings show;Instead of isolating the Taliban, the Biden government is now using economic tools such as sanctions to change their behavior so that they can pursue a more democratic process of governing the country while respecting human rights.Washington also remains committed to negotiating with the Taliban and is determined that the Taliban should form an inclusive and stable government and work with the international community to combat them while severing ties with terrorist groups.

Security threats should be considered the main crisis in the West Asian region. This crisis has sometimes contributed to the formation and deepening of state security coalitions against threats. In the meantime, the United Arab Emirates and the Zionist regime in the post -Islamic Awakening process and promoting the Islamic Republic's position in the region, by sharing Iran's potential threats in particular and the Shiite Resistance Front in general, to a strategic coalition in the security fields. They did. Therefore, the current research seeks to answer the question of how "the security relations governing the UAE and the Zionist regime is an affirmation that the Islamic Republic of Iran is considered a common threat to the security and survival of the Zionist and UAE regime. For this reason, this has become a major basis for the formation of UAE security relations and Zionist leaders. The findings of the study indicate that the Zionist regime, emphasizing identity conflict, considers the Islamic Republic of Iran the biggest threat to its survival. The UAE also emphasizes the conflict of interest and limited role -playing, a sense of inferiority towards the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In the contemporary world, the developments in the Middle East are among the most extensive and profound developments in the political structure of the countries in the region. Syria, as one of the countries in the region, which has been going on for several years. Iran and Turkey, as two regional countries, have been involved in this crisis from the beginning and are trying to control Syria with the aim of changing the political map and balance of power in the Middle East. Efforts to do this have led them to unprecedented competition based on ideological and identity variables. Turkey and Iran are among the regional actors that have taken an active approach to these developments in their own interests. The Syrian crisis has revealed the clash of strategic interests between Turkey and Iran. The two countries are pursuing opposing policies in the Syrian crisis. This article examines the causal relationship between the regional strategies of Turkey and Iran as an independent variable and the contradictory policies of the two countries in the Syrian crisis as a dependent variable. The purpose of this study is to obtain the role of the regions of Turkey and Iran by considering the conflicting policies of these two countries using game theory in the Syrian crisis. In this article, using modeling game theory (zero-sum game), the necessary analysis of strategies and policies implemented by two countries that have conflicting goals in Syria has been examined.

The phenomenon of ISIS is a serious threat not only to the Middle East but to the whole world. The formation of such a force in any geographical area is due to the weakness of the government control system, and the weakening of centralized power in Iraq and subsequently in Syria led to the emergence of this phenomenon, which led to the incomplete and conflicting coalition of anti-ISIL political actors. It was developed. If regional and trans-regional political actors were united and pursued the same strategy to eliminate ISIL, they could eradicate the ISIL threat, but the monopoly of actors with contradictory strategies created opportunities for ISIL to grow and create many problems at the international level. , Established a deadly catastrophe on a large geographical scale and destroyed vast human and financial resources, the effects of which require in-depth study in various dimensions. The theoretical framework of the research is "functionalism", the research method is "qualitative analysis" and the data collection tool is library and documentary. The main question is what were the most important main factors and actors underlying the crises in the region? The purpose of this article is to investigate and explain the factors influencing the formation of ISIL, the political crises in the region, the internationalization of this crisis and the involvement of regional and trans-regional actors. It seeks to escalate ethnic-religious divisions, and it can also be claimed that the United States is the designer and creator of ISIS.

February 24, 2022 Russian troops cross the border and enter Ukraine. Therefore, the theoretical framework of this research is based on the teachings of two great strategists of history, namely Clausewitz and Jomini, who also happened to have served in the Russian army for some time, in order to be able to Answer the main question of this research. Following the main question, "What are the reasons for the heavy casualties of the Russian army in the 2022 war with Ukraine?", This study hypothesizes that "the heavy casualties of the Russian army in the 2022 war with Ukraine" It is due to the following 9 factors: 1) Design and management of the Ukrainian war by Russian military planners based on the Jomini approach: If the war was pursued according to the Clausewitz approach, the losses and costs would be much lower, 2) Failure to do so SEAD operation before the start of the battle, 3) inability to disrupt the Ukrainian Army C4, 4) failure to effectively disrupt the Ukrainian Army ISR capabilities (in addition to inability to dismantle the Ukrainian Army UCAVs), 5) logistics is very weak, 6) neglect of the psychological element of battle, 7) failure to pay attention to the fact that air superiority will not lead to victory on the ground, 8) failure to cut the supply lines of the Ukrainian army, 9) neglect of creativity And the military initiatives of the Ukrainian army (and essentially the Western side).

NATO has functioned as one of the main pillars of the security order during the past 75 years, and as a multi-layered institution, it has been able to play a decisive role in American hegemony. Due to the extensive developments in the global security order, the decline of American hegemony and the rise of new global and regional powers, NATO is facing serious challenges. Also, European countries are facing serious problems in securing their security. In this article, while examining these developments and challenges, it is tried to address the issue of what is the future of NATO, what challenges NATO is facing and how NATO can participate in the architecture of the security system. In order to answer this futuristic question, five possible scenarios for the future of NATO have been explained, and in particular, the issue of NATO's role in creating and coordinating a network of united western-oriented countries in different regions has been raised. Also, the issue of the approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran to NATO has been raised in the section of what should be done.