نشریه گردشگری فرهنگ
پیاپی 15 (زمستان 1402)

Landscape has been considered the meeting point of history and geography. The landscape transcends the place and is an infusion of what is seen and what can be interpreted. Through the lens of the landscape, place is not just a form; it has a meaning and an identity. In other words, each architectural element can have a special existential narrative, history, and philosophy in addition to its physical, appearance, and situational features. Such concepts together create the landscape narrative of the element. Landscape narratives can add up to tourist attractions for viewers and visitors, and these narratives and stories stick in visitors’ memory and encourage them to have similar experiences or describe them to others. Many architectural elements that existed in old Iranian cities have lost their uses over time due to the advancement of technology, lifestyle changes, and a variety of reasons, and in the best case, they serve as tourist attractions. They are visited by tourists (in many cases, these places are destroyed or subject to destruction due to lack of use). In some cases, these architectural elements have been reconstructed and have had different uses. Examples of such changes can be a caravanserai that has been converted into a hotel, a public bath that has been used as a restaurant, or a reservoir whose roof has been renovated into a warehouse. In some of these reconstructions, the original identity and narrative of the element have been taken for granted, and an attempt has been made to take advantage of the place and its available physical features to make it possible for visitors to reuse buildings. Changing the use of each place can be investigated from different perspectives. In addition to serving as a historical place, its most important advantage is to prevent the destruction of its architectural space. Reconstructing or using places preserves the physical structures that can be visited and used in the future. On the other hand, this issue can overshadow their original identities and narratives. Over time, they might completely disappear and be forgotten. If this reconstruction is only focused on the physical structures, their identities, and narratives will be separated and faded away. Especially if the new uses change some architectural features fundamentally. In other words, the issues of the use of historical places and old architectural elements, such as castles, caravanserais, baths, etc., are quite sophisticated, and their ignorance can lead to the destruction of identities. The most important concern in this reconstruction is the preservation of the narratives and identities of the original buildings to help present visitors understand what main and secondary uses each place used to have before the reconstruction and realize the characteristics of identity. If this concern is addressed, not only the restoration and preservation of the buildings can be done, but their identity will also be respected, and this will attract their attractiveness to visitors. This can be done by telling the story visually, orally, and even by restoring parts of the space to their former form. For example, in a hotel in Yazd, which is an old house bath (pool section) have been completely restored in their original form, and in addition to the old photos, the narration is also done by guides. This helps visitors have a pleasant stay in a hotel with modern facilities, get to know the original story of the old house of an ancient city, travel to the history of the previous period, and interact with a geographical historical situation. This is what the landscape narratives intend to do.

In today’s world, more people experience elderly, due to the increase in life expectancy and longevity of people in different societies compared to the past. Leisure time significantly, contributes to the lives of the elderly. So, the development of the tourism industry is very important. As a religious site in Iran, Mashhad is considered a tourist and pilgrimage city. This study was conducted to analyze and investigate the significant relationship between the experience economy, the formation of the mental image of the destination and senior tourism behavior to develop senior tourism. The samples include senior tourists who visited Mashhad. A total of 384 questionnaires were distributed and the results were studied considering the COVID-19 pandemic. The reliability and validity of the questionnaires were confirmed. The questionnaires were analyzed through SmartPls and examined to determine the relationship between the variables in the modeling. The results showed that the most important component of the experience economy is aesthetics with a coefficient of 4.08 and the least important component is education with a coefficient of 3.59. The most important component of tourism behavior is the emotional component, with a coefficient of 4.32 and the least important is the cognitive component, with a coefficient of 3.85. The results also show that there is a significant positive relationship between tourism behavior and the components of the experience economy (emotional dimension, cognitive dimension, loyalty, memories and mental image). This relationship is confirmed statistically because the significance level of all the components is less than 0.05.

A large part of people’s social life takes place in public spaces where people’s social interactions are defined. Therefore, sociability is considered one of the most important qualities of public spaces. For a comprehensive and efficient study of the nature of public spaces, it is necessary to examine this nature in different time frames. A post-phenomenological approach helps to define the sense of place in relation to the sense of time. This approach examines public spaces as an event that opens themselves to changes and are formed simultaneously with dynamic activities. In this regard, the purpose of this research is to analyze a correlation between the time factor and the level of sociability indicators of public spaces affected by the time factor with a post-phenomenological approach and to investigate how the sociability factors are related to daily and annual time cycles, quantitatively and qualitatively. This study employs a mixed methods descriptive-analytical approach. This study focuses on the environment, behavior, analysis, and evaluation of the place and policies and programs using a case study in KoohSangi Square of Mashhad. Data was collected using documentary studies, closed-ended questionnaires, semi-structured in-depth interviews, and intermittent observations, and analyzed using analogical, content, graphics and Depthmap 1, and SSPS software. The findings show that the degree of influence of indicators in promoting the sociability of public spaces is strongly influenced by the time factor. This means that most of the indicators have been very successful in attracting people to the space in some specific periods. While this is not the case in other periods their effects are greatly reduced. Coordinating and assimilating indicators with the needs of the audience in different time frames has a great impact on the social-spatial function of public spaces and improving their sociability and the physical-spatial characteristics related to the sociability indicators of the space in different time cycles are in accordance with the desired and usual behavior patterns of the users and at the highest level of integration, form, space, function and time are a suitable ground for the occurrence of cultural events or the physical representation of collective values and norms.

Examining the development of port cities has been highlighted in the process of “sea-based development.” Given their opportunities and capacities for facilitating development objectives, the ports are among the strategic and desirable projects that have been incorporated into land development plans. As a result, they contribute to the prosperity of sea-based industry and trade in a specific geographical area thanks to the increase in sea utilization. The outcome is the production of a tool and machine model that monopolizes the model of city development and its iconography. The concern of this study is the elements of the spatial organization of a port city, including contemporary life within the city, the contextual and physical transformation brought up by the sea-based development within the city, or the context where there is a connection between the city and the ports. This research employed a qualitative method with a descriptive and analytical approach, and data were collected through field observations and library and document studies. The research attempts to investigate the regulatory structural components, including the center, structure, territory, and small groups in the city of Bandar Abbas. As a result of this interaction, the relationships among the elements of the space organization are under threat. The construction of new neighborhoods just to accommodate immigrants has distorted the face of the city and made the urban structure useless. The structure of the city of Bandar Abbas is no longer dependent on the system of estuaries and coastal terraces but on the system of ports and the settlement of the immigrant population. Among these pillars, the core has lost its subjective and conceptual meaning as defined by the sea and has emerged only in the form of a physical thing in the market of the city. The transformation of the city of Bandar Abbas into the hinterland of Shahr-Bandar Shahid Rajaei has turned the communication corridors between the two into service corridors and has faded the concept of the road landscape and weakened the connection with the sea.

Authenticity in tourism has been a subject of debate for many years, drawing perspectives from various disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, psychology, and philosophy. While some view authenticity as an objective quality of things, events, or places, others argue that authentic experience is of little importance and the true value lies in creating memorable experiences away from home. Despite being introduced more than fifty years ago, there are still many uncertainties surrounding the nature, significance, emergence, and outcomes of authenticity in tourism. This concept holds great importance in tourism, not only from a theoretical standpoint but also in its practical applications in planning, development, and marketing. Many tourist destinations and attractions strive to position themselves as authentic to stand out in a competitive market. This paper provides a conceptual review of the evolution of authenticity in tourism and explores new directions and opportunities for future research.

The human environment must be compatible with the model of economic activity. There is clear evidence that economic growth, in its early stages, leads to environmental destruction. An examination of the geographical location of Bandar Abbas shows that its proximity to the strategic area of the Strait of Hormuz has made this area a major hub for regional maritime exchanges. Field observations of the vast ports of Bandar Abbas have been effective in establishing oil and gas facilities in the development model of these areas, in addition to commodity exchanges. Studies on the factors of sustainability of the human and animal environment, geographical location, geo and topology, increase the speed of development in developing countries and help their sustainability. This article analyzes the impact of the maritime landscape of Hormozgan province on the sustainable economic development model of the region. By analyzing field observations, library studies, and satellite images, the impact of the maritime landscape of Hormozgan province on the sustainable economic development model of the region has been investigated. The selection of King. Abbas Safavi and his special attention to this area led to the prosperity of the port city of Bandar Abbas and the decline of other ports in Hormozgan province. However, ideologies and policies are not enough to ensure the sustainability of a region. Understanding the development model of ports and port cities provides the basis for planning for the future of the region. In other words, attention to the maritime landscape of the Hormozgan region and the overlap of human environmental factors with the model of economic activities can have an impact on the sustainable economic development of the region.

The rapid development in historical cities and the increasing complexity of urban functions in recent decades have led to significant changes in the historical areas of cities and have posed challenges to the balance between conservation and development. Following a shift in the contemporary approach to intervening in the historical urban fabric, UNESCO adopted a recommendation in 2011 regarding the “historic urban landscape” approach for the conservation of the heritage of historical cities. The “historic urban landscape” is an urban area that is the product of the historical layering of culture, values, and natural features among historical centers. In the approach to the historic urban landscape, the first step is to comprehensively understand the various dimensions of the city and the tangible and intangible values that have shaped it over time. This approach, by safeguarding the values, authenticity, and integrity of the city within its current structure, prevents unchecked development and creates a modern link between the past and present of the city with an emphasis on the role of the community in urban life. Conservation based on the historic urban landscape approach is responsive to the city’s continuity and dynamism. By considering the layers that express the significance of the historical city and respecting and paying attention to its urban context, conservation becomes a catalyst for more effective development, leading to sustainable changes in the city. Given the current challenges in managing historical cities in Iran, including the conflict between conservation and development at various levels, adopting this approach is of great importance in the conservation and management of historical cities in Iran. Considering the importance of the historic urban landscape approach in urban interventions, the present study aims to evaluate and examine implemented examples and the current state of the city of Bandar Khamir, a coastal wetland city. The research also provides the assessment of urban management measures in Khamir city based on the definition of historic urban landscape. The research method is qualitative, and the data collection methods include library research and field study.