نشریه اقتصاد کشاورزی و روستایی
پیاپی 1 (زمستان 1402)

Land reforms should be seen as one of the most significant events in Iranian contemporary history. The importance of land reform was so that many internal or external researchers during or after ending that period studied it. However, there is less research that has addressed the survey of land reform before it began. In other words, most of the research about the land reform in Iran was done after the start of this program. On this basis, this study aimed at analyzing the papers published in Etelaat Newspaper from November 1959 to March 1960 entitled “What is your idea about threatening of ownership?”. For this purpose, 19 published articles by five important groups were studied, including University professors, government managers, members of parliament, former directors of government and members of parliament, and clergymen. The results showed that there was not full agreement on the land reform among persons of the each of five groups studied. Some of the most important reasons for agreement to the land reform were as follows: Expansion of social justice, Shah was pioneer in dividing his lands in Iran, more motivation of farmers for more production. Besides, some of the most important causes for opposition to the land reform included: Reduction of agricultural production due to lack of technical and financial support of farmers by landlords, contradiction of land dividing with religious laws, and destruction of Qanats. Although, the land reform was the will of the ruling government, the clear opposition of some of the studied people clearly indicated that there was a ground for expressing opposition to the will of the government, a subject that gradually disappeared over the next two decades.

One of the limitations in Iran's animal husbandry industry is the supply of fodder needed by animals. Although the plants of the cereal family are widely used as fodder due to their low cost and high dry matter, they have low quality. One of the solutions is to cultivate a mixture of cereals with plants of the legume family, because although legumes have the same low dry matter performance, they have a higher quality of fodder than cereals due to their high crude protein content. Therefore, they compensate for the lack of protein in the livestock diet. In mixed cultivation, cereal and leguminous plants, due to their morphological and physiological differences, make optimal use of environmental resources and as a result, cause a small increase in fodder production. In this research, the intercropping of two cultivars of Golshan vetch and White flower vetch in cold climate along with a Pioneer forage pea cultivar with barley and triticale in a ratio of 50:50 was compared in the fields of Bonab (County) farmers. Cultivation was carried out in the fall in the first week of November 2019 without tillage with direct seeding along with the application of nitrogen fertilizers from the source of urea and phosphorus from the source of superphosphate, according to the fertilizer needs of the region (with the fertilizer formula of N30:P20 in place. Therefore, the seven different treatments in this experiment included pure culture of native khalar, pure culture of Golshan and white flower vetch, pure culture of barley, pure culture of triticale, mixed culture of barley with vetiver, mixed culture of triticale with vetiver and mixed culture of triticale with Pioneer fodder peas at a ratio of 50:50. According to the study results, the average yield in the total mixed cultivation treatments was higher than pure cultivation. The highest yield of forage was obtained from the mixture of triticale and fodder peas in the full ripening stage. Also, the highest yield was related to the mixture of vetch with barley and the lowest fodder production belonged to the mixture of Golshan and white flower vetch. The results of the economic estimation using the partial budgeting method showed that the mixed cultivation of barley + vetiver was the most economic treatment, followed by the mixed cultivation of triticale + pioneer fodder pea. Considering the nutritional value of fodder according to the percentage of protein in different grains and legumes, mixed cultivation of vetiver with barley can increase the yield of fodder and increase income.

Today, what makes research institutes viable is the implementation of applied research activities and the commercialization of related knowledge-based achievements. In this regard, one of the research institutions is Seed and Plant Improvement Institute (SPII). This research aimed mainly at answering the questions of “whether this institute has the research exploited economically from its resources and facilities in planning and prioritizing income-generating activities and attracting the required resources and capital from the private sector?” and “What economic opportunities has the SPII used to generate income to achieve this important goal?”. This research used engineering economic methods including IRI rials value, benefit-cost ratio and capital recovery period to make financial and economic analysis of the production and knowledge-based capacities of the SPII. According to the study results, the mean of benefit-cost ratio of collaborative seed production projects was estimated 2.1 unit. The mean share of the SPII and the private sector in the annual profits of collaborative projects were estimated 46.8 and 53.2 percent, respectively. In 2021, IRI rial value of seeds produced from different seed classes of the institute (1601.8 tons) was totally of 182.23 billion IRI rials and with a dollar value of $ 607.3 thousand. During the last two years, the revenue from the transfer of the institute's technologies to the private sector totaled 308.81 billion IRI rials and its dollar value was estimated as $ 1.03 million. Therefore, the institute acted economically and efficiently.in commercializing the knowledge-based research achievements.

There is almost no food outside agriculture. The production of food, fodder, fibers and other agricultural products is directly dependent on agriculture, horticulture and gardening, livestock and poultry breeding, fish and honeybees, forests and pastures. The products of this sector include red meat, chicken meat, fish, milk, dairy products, honey, grains, legumes, sugar, oil, fodder, medicinal plants, wood, vegetables and fruits, all kinds of fruits, etc. In light of the high share of the agricultural sector in the employment of people living in rural areas of Iran, as a policy arm to prevent the migration of rural people, we see the weak presence of knowledge-based companies. Investing in the agricultural sector to achieve food security and strengthening national production and employment is considered as a strategic issue for every country. Food security is the access of all people to enough food at all times to have a healthy body. According to this definition, availability of food, access to food and stability in receiving food are three main elements. Every year, a significant amount of foreign currency is exported from the country for the import of products related to food security, which is a wide range of products in technological areas such as livestock and poultry vaccines and probiotics as well as in non-technological areas such as corn and other agricultural and livestock inputs. One of the important projects pursued by the country's technology ecosystem for several years is the improvement of the country's food industry using biological methods with the help of food production factories. Food industry is one of the vital, sensitive and important industries in the country and improving the quality of this industry means improving the mental and physical security of the people, for this reason the Biotechnology Development Headquarters in the presidential institution complex seeks to improve this industry with biological methods. Creating the necessary infrastructure and standards to ensure quality, recognizing the strengths and weaknesses in the production, market and knowledge-based products, clarifying the government's demand in the important and priority parts of the value chain, creating a field for the export of knowledge-based products. Using the capacity of foreign investment in the development of technological capabilities, encouraging large domestic companies to invest in Research and Development (R&D) activities through cooperation with domestic technology companies, leveraging the country's large market towards domestic production and investing in R&D.

The Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) initiative of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Organization (FAO) emphasizes the importance of traditional agriculture in preserving the ecosystem, traditional knowledge, long-lasting cultural values, historical heritage and the natural landscape of the region as well as the maintenance of environmentally friendly systems. In this article, the concept of world important agricultural heritage system was presented and its benefits and contribution in achieving the goals of rural development were investigated by systematic review of case studies by the use of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method. Considering the merely twenty years of the GIAHS initiation, there are not many studies in this regard. In this research, by reviewing 31 articles from reliable sources, 18 articles related to the role of GIAHS in the rural development were discussed and analyzed. The results showed that the designation of agricultural heritage systems in 6 areas including maintaining household food security, biological diversity, local culture of the community, compatibility and sustainability of communities, attracting community participation and reducing migration might be Known as effective areas. Therefore, some suggestions were made to increase the effects of GIAHS designation on the rural development, one of the most important of which included the use of internal and external experiences to play the real role of local communities and their organizations in the preservation of agricultural heritage systems.

Potato is one of the major food products in Afghanistan, ranking third after wheat and rice. Accordingly, this study focused on the economic evaluation of potato production in Khenjan County during the 2022-2023 cropping year. In the first place, economic evaluation indicators such as total income, total cost, gross return, profit, return on investment, benefit-cost ratio, and the total product price were analyzed. The optimal level of input usage was also determined through the production function.  The results showed that the average potato yield was 7334 kg per hectare, with an average income of 154,267 Afghanis, a production cost of 65,228 Afghanis, an average profit of 75,058 Afghanis, and a return-on-investment rate of 134.45 percent per hectare. The income-to-cost ratio indicates that an average income of 2.34 Afghanis was generated for every Afghanis spent on potato production. The average total price of potato per Kg was 9.36 Afghanis. The production function results revealed that most of the coefficients were significant, with land, phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen fertilizer, seed, labor, fungicide and machinery, having a positive effect on production while water having a negative effect. Overall, potato cultivation in the Khenjan district is profitable, and the optimal use of inputs except for water is recommended.  It should be focused on creating storage facilities to reduce seed prices, increasing loan facilities to encourage potato cultivation, optimizing water use, providing suitable labor facilities, and focusing on marketing to increase sales and profitability in potato production.