نشریه سیستم های انرژی پایدار
سال دوم شماره 2 (بهار 1402)

In order to increase the stability of electricity supply in distribution systems, this article has determined the number of transformers needed in the warehouse and their storage location. To ensure reliability in distribution substations, spare transformers are required in each substation. If there is no spare transformer in a post, the fault of the transformer may lead to disconnection of the load connected to it. On the other hand, having a spare transformer at each post would be very costly. For this reason, in this article, the problem of determining the location of spare transformers will be discussed. For this purpose, the desired cost function is considered according to the distance function, and three functions of Euclidean distance, squared Euclidean distance and direct distance are used. What is searched for is a place that can minimize the determined total cost function. For this purpose, a combined method (Markov and Monte Carlo) has been used to model transformer maintenance and then to determine the optimal location of spare transformers, and Matlab software optimization algorithm has been used for simulation. The proposed model has been implemented in a 33-bus IEEE network and it can be seen that the location of the spare transformers also changes with the change in the importance of the load and this change is more intense in the direct distance method.

With increased energy consumption, the need to find new ways and methods to supply electricity has become more pressing than ever, and the feasibility of growing generation capacity in the power system is limited due to some economic, political, and environmental constraints. As a result, in recent years, demand optimization has been studied, with an emphasis on the use of programs such as demand response programs. In this study, a proposed approach for assessing the real option of demand response programs for electric companies is offered to supply the best possible electricity to consumers. The typical load profile of the industrial pilot introduced by the Azerbaijan Regional Electrical Company, as well as the energy pricing in the electrical market, are analyzed, and the parameters needed to value the option of demand response programs are extracted before calculating the option value of the plans.

Cooling is one of the largest energy uses in Fars province, which has a hot and dry climate. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of using renewable sources on energy consumption and air pollution in Fars province, with an emphasis on the role of cooling. For this purpose, ENERGY PLAN software was used to simulate and calculate the results of five different scenarios for the Shiraz energy system. These scenarios are the baseline scenario, the scenario of using heat pumps/absorption chillers and district heating systems, the scenario of reducing energy demand by 20%, the scenario of using natural cooling, and the scenario of maximizing the use of renewable sources. The results show that the fifth scenario, which involves the maximum use of renewable sources by using the technology of hybrid Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and solar thermal, has the best results. In this scenario, 75.68% of the total energy need of the province is supplied by renewable energies, and it is possible to reduce CO2 emissions by about 92.76% compared to the baseline. The prerequisite for implementing most scenarios, especially the fifth scenario in Fars province, is to provide the necessary infrastructure for the production, transmission, and storage of renewable energies, pay attention to the proper design of buildings, optimize energy production and distribution technologies, and consider behavioral and cultural aspects of the province.

Providing sustainable energy for production units and workshops in Hormozgan province is one of the main challenges in this province. This problem has doubled as the hot seasons of the year approach. The use of solar panels on the roofs of buildings and sheds in industrial cities is a good potential to use these roofs to produce energy. After the field investigation of the existing space in Bandar Abbas Industrial Estate No. 2, the dimensions and height of the buildings have been calculated. By using the descriptive tables and querying capabilities of ArcGIS software, these data have been analyzed, and the effective area for using solar panels has been estimated. Then, using the PVSol software version 2021, the installation of solar panels on the roofs of the buildings that could be installed was simulated. The results have shown that about 30 % of the roof area of existing buildings in Bandar Abbas Industrial Estate No. 2 has the possibility of installing solar panels. Installing a solar panel in this effective area makes it possible to build a renewable solar power plant with a power of 8.06 kWp, to produce 3.1 TWh of electricity per year. The efficiency of this power plant in this area is around 82 %. Due to the proper efficiency of this power plant in the region, the production of 6800 tons of CO2 gas with similar fossil power plants will be prevented.

Homer software acts as a tool for modeling and optimizing an energy production system based on renewable technologies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of different scenarios and optimize the best type of their use in accordance with the geographical data of the target area in the presence of different renewable sources of wind, solar and diesel generators in the presence of the main power grid. The necessity of using renewable resources is not hidden from anyone, but due to high fluctuations and dependence on weather conditions, these resources need to have a realistic analysis according to the conditions of each region in order to get the best performance from them. In this research, according to the meteorological data of the studied area, it has been tried to study the effect of using these resources in a microgrid optimally and objectively, and the calculations were done in such a way that the designed system can meet the load requirements of the studied area. To overcome the intermittency of renewable energy sources such as wind and sun, a combination of these sources was considered in a hybrid system. The data of solar radiation and wind speed required by the software were obtained from the meteorological website of the country and NASA and were used in the software. The results of the analysis of three scenarios including power grid/diesel generator, power grid/diesel generator/solar cell and power grid/diesel generator/solar cell/wind turbine show the prices of 0.579 dollars, 0.308 dollars and 0.431 dollars per kilowatt hour, respectively dollar showed. In these scenarios, the share of renewable energies was 0, 27.4 and 48.3 percent, respectively. The higher the price of diesel, the more the optimization software goes towards the use of renewable energies; Therefore, considering that the subsidy of energy carriers (fossil fuels) is high in our country, it is recommended that if this subsidy is reduced or allocated to the use of renewable energies, the use of renewable energies will increase. He will find that this issue will be very effective in reducing environmental pollution.

The smart facade system is known as one of the main elements of the building envelope with optimal efficiency, which is able to respond to environmental stimuli and seeks to improve the comfort of residents and optimize energy consumption. While building design research has addressed the technical aspects and design of smart facades, very limited historical studies have been conducted on the evolution of such systems. Therefore, the current research examines the factors affecting the design and development of smart facades in cities to optimize energy consumption based on a historical period. This article examines and classifies the effective historical components in the evolution of the design and development of the smart facade system using the historical hierarchy method. The effective components in the form of socio-cultural, technical, political, environmental and economic categories are caused by revolutionary changes in art, technology and building construction from the 19th century onwards. The findings showed that the historical timeline presented in this article is considered as a useful resource for researchers and educators in research and educational activities. Based on this table, the current development pattern can be understood and possible future events (trends) can be predicted. The timeline shows that smart facades can be used in the future on an urban scale for all neighborhoods of cities, which helps to improve the comfort of residents and improve energy consumption in cities.