نشریه آینه پژوهش
سال سی و چهارم شماره 5 (پیاپی 203، آذر و دی 1402)

In this article, the author delves into the extensive history of itinerant book vendors, tracing the historical evolution of this profession in the post-print era and examining the selling methods employed by these book vendors. Utilizing marginal notes found in various libraries across Iran, the article provides a list of itinerant book vendors during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras.

Ancient Qur'anic manuscripts are generally known as Kufic Qur'ans. Writing the Qur'an in various forms of Kufic script continued until the early 7th century AH. Among these, a category of ancient Qur'anic manuscripts exhibits features rarely seen or entirely absent in other Kufic manuscripts. These Qur'ans, characterized by an overall slant and a tendency to the right, are referred to as Hijazi. This article explores and introduces the most important characteristics of Qur'anic writing in the Hijazi style during the first and early second centuries AH. These features are generally not continued in the Kufic script in subsequent centuries. Therefore, the presence of all or most of these features in an ancient Qur'anic manuscript points to its transcription in the first or early second century AH.

The history of the discussion on " Excommunication of the people of Qibla" dates back to the early Islamic centuries when differences between the Mu'tazilites, Kharijites, and Murji'ites were pronounced. This theological issue persisted both theoretically and practically as governments and sects engaged with it. During the seventh to ninth centuries, as the Islamic world experienced relative tranquility, the escalating Safavid-Ottoman conflicts brought the matter back to the forefront. During this period, some Sunnis vehemently advocated for the Excommunication of the people of Qibla, asserting its plausibility. However, moderate Sunni scholars sought to narrow the scope of this concept and create grounds for rejecting the takfir of the people of Qibla. This article introduces and examines some unpublished texts on this subject, as well as reports on some lesser-known printed works from the Safavid era.

In this current writing as the 36th part of the "Manuscript Reading" series, the author provides a comparative analysis of several manuscripts. The texts covered in this issue are as follows: A Brief Travelogue to the Holy Shrines The Death Date of Sheikh Morteza Ansari The Onslaught of Locusts in the Year 1254 AH in Karbala and 1267 AH in Shiraz, Narrated by an Eyewitness "The Western Apparent Justice" a sign of Imam Zaman’s Appearance A Book in the Handwriting of Aḥsāī in the House of Seyyed Kāẓim Rashtī A Treatise on the Table of Knowledge of Dates, Written in the Year 961 AH The Death Date of Mohammad Shah Qajar A Note from Abolqasem Tughri Yaghmaei A Supplication for Relief from Grief and Sorrow, Dated 1264 AH A Note from Zanjan, Dated 1337 AH

Through research on contemporary proverbs in Arab countries, we discover significant similarities between them and Persian proverbs. Sometimes, the degree of similarity of proverbs from certain countries with Persian proverbs is higher than others, to the extent that a dissertation can be written on this topic. One of these countries is Syria, where an investigation into its proverbs reveals numerous commonalities with Persian proverbs. This article explores some of these shared proverbs.

Sultan Ahmad Jalayir (759-813 AH) is among the art-loving and art-supporting rulers who governed this land. Besides his patronage of great artists, he himself engaged in certain areas, notably his profound interest in poetry, resulting in a comprehensive divan spanning seven volumes. Examining this divan reveals Sultan Ahmad's familiarity with the works of other poets. One such poet is Sa’di, whom Sultan Ahmad extensively acknowledges in his verses, and the impact of this acknowledgment can be gleaned from Sultan's divan. In this article, we explore Sultan Ahmad Jalayir's influence from Sa’di.

The series of notes published under the title " Ṭūmār " in each issue of Ayeneh Pazhuhesh encompasses content in the field if Islamic studies and book critiques. In the first issue of Ṭūmār, the following titles are presented:  "Necessary Components of Cultural Transformation: A Look at Recent Cultural Challenges in Iran" "An Interdisciplinary Look at Sexual Chastity" "Religion and Cultural Authority and its Role in Global Geometry" "Excerpts from a Book Review Session: 'Religion and Cultural Models' by Dr. Alireza Qaeminejad"

In the journal "Al-Fath," which was a Salafi journal published in the first half of the twentieth century in Egypt, a letter from Allāmah Muḥammad Qazvīnī has been published, encompassing interesting insights into his beliefs and positions. This article provides a translation of the Persian text of this letter and elucidates the historical framework of its composition, which itself is not devoid of historical significance.

"Hūrqulya" (meaning "solar body" in ancient Persian) is one of the symbolic world names, and Sheikh Ishrāq is recognized as the first philosopher who introduced this term into Islamic philosophy. "Hūrqulya" has been embraced by the philosophers of Illuminationism and followers of Transcendental Wisdom. Sheikh Ahmad Aḥsāī, in his works, extensively uses this term to the extent that some consider him its originator. On the other hand, some researchers have found its precedents in the works of Sheikh Ishrāq and have brought it to the attention of scholars. However, fewer have explored its existence in the works of the Transcendental Wisdom scholars, including Mullā Ṣadrā. In this article, irrespective of philosophical and theological debates about accepting or rejecting the existence of the symbolic world, we delve into the presence of the term "Hūrqulya" in Transcendental Wisdom.

In ancient Persian writings, the words "tarjuman" and "tarjomeh" have been pronounced in various ways, and lexicographers have carved out roots for these two terms. In this issue of "Writingd," nine articles by Ignace J. Gelb are translated, exploring the roots and meanings of the word "tarjuman" in the ancient languages of Sumerian and Akkadian, shedding light on the various forms of this word in its contextual usage during the ancient Near East.

Sheikh Owḥad al-Dīn Kirmānī (561-635 AH) is a prominent figure in the history of Iranian Sufism and Persian Sufi poetry, with around two thousand quatrains attributed to him. He spent most of his life in Anatolia, nurturing numerous disciples. Some of his followers in the latter half of the 7th century AH undertook the task of collecting and compiling his quatrains. The author of "Nuzhat al-Majālis," a contemporary of Owḥad al-Dīn Kirmānī, included 53 quatrains in his book. Among the ancient manuscripts of Owḥad al-Dīn Kirmānī's quatrains is manuscript No. 2910 at the Hagia Sophia Library, containing 1641 quatrains compiled into 12 chapters, transcribed around 706 AH. Another manuscript, containing 1136 quatrains, titled "Anīs al-Ṭālibīn va Jalīs al-Ṣāliḥīn," was compiled by the son of one of Owḥad al-Dīn's disciples in the second half of the 7th century AH and is preserved in Istanbul University Library. This manuscript is also thematically organized into 76 chapters. In this article, we introduce another ancient manuscript of Owḥad al-Dīn’s quatrains, compiled thematically in the late 7th or early 8th century AH, containing 1349 quatrains. This manuscript is part of the Amir Khwaja Collection in the library of Haji Salim Agha in Istanbul.

This article provides a brief examination of a collection of selected texts in Arabic and Persian compiled and written by Hāj Mīrzā Muḥammad Tehranī around 1914 CE in Tehran. Mīrzā Muḥammad Tehranī, a respected merchant engaged in the trade of sugar and books, gathered and documented this compilation. The manuscript covers diverse topics, including theological, philosophical, and ethical subjects. By presenting various texts and analyzing the author's writing style, the book opens up new perspectives for a more comprehensive analysis of the intellectual and cultural landscape of late Qajar Iran.

In numerous online platforms and consequently in the ninth-grade Persian textbook, the quatrain "Speak little, and speak only for your own interest..." has been erroneously attributed to Khājeh Naṣīral-Dīn Ṭūsī. This note endeavors to trace the misattributions of this quatrain to various poets throughout the history of Persian literature, ultimately identifying its original author

The Book Offer is a new section in the Ayeneh Pazhuhesh journal, dedicated to introducing new books in the fields of Islamic studies, religious studies, history, culture, and art in Muslim societies. The priority is given to introducing books that have not been translated into Persian and have been published by reputable academic publishers. In this issue, three books are introduced:The World of the Ancient Silk Road" "Baghdad and Isfahan" "Land and Trade in Early Islam: The Economic History of the Islamic Middle East from 750 to 1050 AD"

: The sixteenth and final volume of the Encyclopedia of Shi'a has been released after nearly forty years of activity, published in 1401. The following content includes exclusive discussions on this occasion, along with excerpts from the unveiling ceremony of the fifteenth volume. Mahdi Mohaghegh examines the formation of the "Encyclopedia of Shi'a," highlighting its apparent and intrinsic benefits in providing a comprehensive encyclopedia on Shi'ism and fostering numerous young researchers in the field. Bahauddin Khormashahi reflects on the encyclopedia-writing movement in Iran during the 1360s, shedding light on other aspects of this series' activities, along with the evident challenges it faced. Kamran Fani enumerates incomplete encyclopedias preceding the "Encyclopedia of Shi'a" and explains the process of creating a comprehensive index for this encyclopedia, along with an analysis of its most important articles. He also acknowledges the contributions of researchers and scholars such as Mahdi Mohaghegh and Fahimeh Mohebbi in advancing this work. Hassan Anooshe shares memories about the authorship of certain entries in the encyclopedia. Mohammad Mahdi Jafari mentions the role of private supporters, including Seyyed Abolfazl Tuliyat, Fahimeh Mohebbi, Taher Foundation, and Shat Foundation. Shahram Pazouki recounts his experience of becoming acquainted with and collaborating with the "Encyclopedia of Shi'a," culminating in his involvement in authoring entries. Hossein Masoumi Hamadani discusses the significance of the weekly sessions of the "Encyclopedia of Shi'a" and their impact on gathering scholars and researchers, presenting his evaluation of the overall content. Finally, Hossein Khandaqabadi provides a report on his activities as one of the editors of the final volumes of the "Encyclopedia of Shi'a" at Hekmat Publications, including the process of writing the Takmilah in the final volume.

The main issue of this article is a critical analysis of the approach and content of the book " Criticisms and Doubts of the Imami Shia Against Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and Rejecting Them" regarding the attribution of the title "Amīr al-Mu'mīnīn" to Muḥammad ibn Ismā'īl Bukhārī in the hadith. The author of the book considers this title well-known, authentic, and beyond dispute. Through historical criticism as an analytical method and title analysis as a descriptive logic, this article scrutinizes the structure, content, and historical attribution of the scientific, narrative, and validity titles claimed by the author. The findings of the article demonstrate that the foundations of this claim are ambiguous, and its approach and method of proof are weak and incompatible with the principles and rules of title analysis. The achievement of the article is to clarify the influence of this claim on contemporary Salafi thought in mythologizing Bukhārī to create fear and obstruction in the path of the growing criticism of Bukhārī by the hadith scholars of Sunni, Imamiyyah, and Orientalists in the contemporary era.

Following the publication of the translation of the Quran by Professor Muhammad Ali Kusha, Mr. Ali Zahidpour introduced and criticized this Quranic work, and his extended article was published in the 199th issue of the magazine " Ayneh-ye Pazhoohesh ". This article written by Nad Ali Ashuri Telouki is a response to Mr. Zahid's criticism of Mohammad Ali Kusha's translation.