نشریه قضاوت
پیاپی 112 (زمستان 1401)

In legal terms, liability in the general sense implies the responsibility of a person for the actions that are traditionally attributed to him. Although the purpose of civil liability is to oblige a person to pay compensation to the victim and the purpose of criminal liability is to impose punishment on the perpetrator in order to maintain and restore public order, there are many thematic similarities between these two seemingly different concepts. The source of proof of civil liability stems from another obligation of the legislature. However, in order to prove this responsibility on someone who directly or indirectly committed a crime or caused damage to another, we will need to meet the principles and conditions that are provided in the relevant laws, both civil and criminal. In this article, to explain the pillars of civil liability for causing and directing crime, taking into account the developments in the Islamic Penal Code of 1392 and examining the conflicts between civil and criminal laws in some cases, and also to provide a way out of this conflict in In order to form a single judicial procedure, it has been discussed.

According to Article 130 of the Criminal Procedure Law, the crime scene investigation group is responsible for revealing the dimensions of the murder mystery. In this research, which was carried out with a qualitative and library method, the investigation is divided into two main categories, police and judicial, according to the activities mentioned in the executive regulations on the scope of powers and duties of crime scene investigation, it is pointed out that the actions taken in Crime scenes are purely police in nature and are basically in line with law enforcement duties. On the other hand, the judge sometimes has demands about the manner of the crime and the quality of its commission, which were not previously mentioned in the report of the crime scene investigation team. This type of judicial investigation has a very decisive role in the decision-making of the judges of the courts, which according to the executive regulations of the crime scene investigation can be obtained through the investigations carried out at the crime scene and the opinion of the experts of the crime scene investigation group, so this result is obtained. It is possible that the mentioned group, using their powers, each according to their specialized duties, should answer two basic questions about the identification of the killer and the quality of the murder. Undoubtedly, achieving this goal, in addition to helping to convince the judge's conscience to issue a verdict, also solves the problem of delaying proceedings.

Money laundering takes place in a complex operation. Because illegal proceeds are usually in the form of cash, it is necessary to move this cash into the financial system or across borders. The main goal is to obscure the source and nature of the desired wealth. Many countries have implemented rules to prevent money laundering in accepting cash from customers in banks. The significant developments that have occurred due to the emergence of electronic money and electronic banking in the global monetary and banking system have created a new challenge in the field of anti-money laundering regulations and bylaws, which in turn necessitates extensive revision of these measures and measures. has caused. In this article, the main goal is to identify patterns and solutions that are in line with this necessity. In line with this goal, by using the descriptive-analytical method and studying related books, articles and publications, after explaining the nature of electronic money, its effects on the criminal process of money laundering are discussed and investigated.

In today's world, information exchange networks play an essential role in collecting, exchanging, processing, storing and maintaining information, so that these networks can be considered as vital information arteries of countries. Prevention of security violations of information exchange networks requires mechanisms to maintain the integrity and security of network implementation. Among the components of the network are the subjects of the data and the data of the exchanged messages. In this process, managers of information exchange networks and data processors of messages, which are called controllers and processors, have duties. The question that the current research seeks to answer is, what will be the duties of these persons in the field of preventing security violations of information exchange networks? In order to answer the mentioned question, the present research, using a documentary method, by studying the regulations governing the legal system of the European Union and applying these regulations to Iran's laws, the duties of these persons in carrying out appropriate measures in the correct and legal implementation of information processing, duties for informing Data subjects (obtaining his consent for processing, announcing the reasons for rejecting his request, lifting restrictions on processing, protective measures in transnational exchange of information, data subject rights, measures taken in the process of information processing, existence of risk in processing), other controllers and Processors (in announcing the level of removal or restriction in processing) and regulatory authorities (in cooperation and notification) have acted. In the conclusion part, the present research has attempted to provide some policy recommendations, including amending the laws, informing the people, and the licensing mechanism in order to improve the implementation of the processes mentioned in this research in Iran.

Today, one of the prominent and important issues in the researches in the field of criminology in different countries of the world is the fear of crime, which according to some people is as important as the crime itself, but the phenomenon of fear of crime is a very complex issue that Its amount and factors may be different in each city or region. Fear of crime is not only a feeling, but a reality that is tied to people's lives and has destructive effects on politics, economy, social life and criminal policy of countries.Fear of crime plays a very important role in the field of crime prevention, so that the United Nations has considered fear of crime as one of the main elements of prevention. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the police on the fear of crime and ways to prevent it. The components that are in the prevention of crime and fear of crime and are related to the police have been analyzed and a solution has been mentioned for each.

Administrative appointments are internal decisions with a legal effect and in order to have the legal effect of Administrative actions are differentiated. In some legal systems, internal administrative practices or practices that have a legal effect They are not subject to judicial supervision. The administrative and employment agency of the country is a government agency in Iran. The President is responsible for the duties of the President in the administrative and employment field, and its Chairman is the Deputy The president of Iran is currently the head of the organization with Meysam Latifi Be. The main activity of this organization is the compilation of the Civil Service Management ActCullen is the state and drafting the overall policies of the administrative system. Mr. Meysam Latifi Politician of Iran PhD in Human Resource Management and Associate Professor of Imam Sadiq University The Faculty of Law and List of Symbols and Non-Governmental Institutions including Universities Nonprofit in the Ministry of Science is considered a non-profit that nullifies the ruling of the administrative and administrative board The government has been criticized by the government's spokesman for the ruling, saying the law and Law Procedure Utilization of Faculty Members and Faculties of Azad and Non-governmental Universities In the Event Authorized in executive positions and the solidarity procedure of various executive and judicial systems It is on hand legal action necessary through the Presidential Legal Assistance to protest Judicial Decision of the Administrative Court and its Correction and Awaiting Final Result from the Judiciary Be.