نشریه مطالعات حفاظت و امنیت انتظامی
سال هجدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 69، زمستان 1402)

Today, with the increasing complexity of organizations and the increase in unethical behavior and organizational misconduct, the attention of managers and researchers has been directed to the topic of organizational ethics. Therefore, the misbehavior of employees in the field of police mission is associated with more sensitivity and their effectiveness in some missions has been challenged. With this approach, the purpose of the present research is meta-analysis of the prevention of misconduct of police officers of different countries in the execution of the mission.

The current research was conducted with a qualitative approach and using the meta-analysis method of studies conducted in the police of a number of countries. The statistical population of the research includes all researches conducted mostly abroad from 2017 to 2022 on the topic of "Misbehavior of Police Officers", which finally after refining, 11 researches were selected and analyzed.

The findings of the research showed that a total of 31 variables related to American police misconduct were investigated. These variables were categorized into two groups of intra-organizational misconduct and extra-organizational misconduct. Among the extra-organizational factors, the variables of violation of citizenship rights and verbal violence are the most frequent with 81.8% (8 cases), and among the extra-organizational factors, the indiscipline variable is the most frequent with 63.7% (7 cases).

The results of the meta-analysis showed that the effect size of violence among other patterns of police misconduct is equal to 55% and is at the high level, and the effect size of violation of civil rights is 49% and is at the average level

The Zionist regime, due to its weak legitimacy, lack of strategic depth and geographical vulnerability, small population, feeling of loneliness and constant fear of the destruction and vulnerability of the military forces, in its opinion, is facing constant multifaceted threats and currently It considers the Islamic Republic of Iran as its main enemy and adopts various strategies to confront the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, this research was conducted with the aim of identifying the security strategies of the Zionist regime against the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

In terms of purpose, this research is of an applied type and in terms of its nature, it is part of descriptive-analytical research, which was carried out in two phases using environmental and expert monitoring methods. The research sources for the first phase of the research include; Scientific texts related to the subject of research, interviews and reports published (over the past year) in publications and media are about the Zionist regime, and the method of selecting sources was contingent and available. The statistical population for the second phase was the number of 5 experts in the field of study who were selected in a purposeful way.

The results of the research indicate that the Zionist regime has adopted four general strategies towards the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which are: trying to balance the threat and its expansion in the northern, western and southern borders, strengthening the deterrence of the regime. Weakening the deterrence power of Islamic Republic of Iran and repelling the threat and destroying the defense power of Islamic Republic of Iran.

Conclusion and suggestion: 

Considering that the Zionist regime considers the threat of Iran as a multi-layered threat (military, cyber, missile and security), therefore it considers a multi-layered defense strategy to be the most appropriate strategy for itself, but none of Strategies have not been abandoned by the Zionist regime. At the same time, that regime is using all its strategies against Islamic Republic of Iran, and it must be ready to face all the strategies of the Zionist regime.

Nowadays, social networks have become a place of governance and a suitable platform for the enemies of the country. During the gatherings that have sometimes occurred in the country, it has been rightly proven that social networks and foreign messengers have been a place for organizing, managing, inciting, persuading and even training young people for rioting and vandalism. At present, with the rapid increase of all types of crimes, the traditional methods of crime investigation have not been able to provide the desired results, because their speed is slow and inefficient. The purpose of this study is how machine learning can be used by security or law enforcement agencies to detect, prevent and deal with illegal gatherings with a very accurate and fast speed. In order to achieve this goal, 73 articles in the period from 2012 to 2023 were analyzed in which machine learning methods were used. We can see that most of the articles use the machine learning approach with supervised and labeled data. However, artificial neural networks with 44%, random forest methods with 30% and K-nearest neighbor method with 26% were the most commonly used methods. Also, 62% of the researchers have used criminal data sets from public portals on the Internet and 38% have used official and private data sets of legal organizations, including the police, in their research. The results of the research show that the use of random forest methods has the best performance, but for large data sets, the use of artificial neural network methods has provided the best results for predicting the occurrence of crime based on its time and place.

Social capital as an intangible asset, unlike other capitals, is a concept that goes beyond the assets that an individual or an organization has and has relationships and contexts in which interaction, transparency and organizational honesty are the main task. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to measure and explain the social capital of police officers.

In terms of practical purpose and method, the current research is a descriptive research that was conducted in the form of a survey. The theoretical framework is a synthesis of the theories of Bourdieu, Putnam, Fukuyama and Kelman, which is measured according to Nahapit and Ghoshal's model, the relationship of 9 components of structural, cognitive and relational dimensions with the social capital of police officers with the aim of the explanatory power of the components. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire, which is set in 80 items. The statistical population of the research included all police officers in 1401, including men and women, and the sample size was 384 people and was selected using the appropriate sampling method.

The research findings showed that there is no relationship between contextual variables and employees' social capital, but there is a relationship between other variables, namely internal cohesion, organizational transparency, sense of social justice, organizational honesty, social support, social participation, social relationships and social trust with social capital. There is a significant relationship in such a way that the highest relationship is related to the three components of social trust (0.885), organizational honesty (0.856) and social relations (0.853) with social capital. In fact, these components can have the greatest effect in promoting and improving social capital. Among the 8 investigated components, the organizational integrity component with a value of 5.79, the social support component with an average of 5.41, and the social participation component with an average of 4.82 in the second and third ranks are known to be the best. Also, the internal coherence component with an average of 3.28 and the organizational transparency component with an average of 3.97 have the least difference.

Based on the results of the research, all the components except background variables are effective in improving the social capital and their improvement will improve the social capital of the employees. Therefore, we cannot ignore the obvious role of these components and the importance of social capital in improving the performance of employees, because the current state of police employees (one of the provinces) is evaluated as moderate and rather weak according to the available results. Such a situation shows the necessity of emphasizing and planning action-oriented actions in relation to the improvement of the social capital of the police staff by relying on an integrated and systematic program, and the description of the desired services not only helps to improve the social capital of the employees, but also provides the basis and context for their better performance.

Police command is one of the institutions involved in the establishment, maintenance and increase of security, which played a fundamental role in the Islamic revolution and in realizing its ideals. Considering the diverse and extensive missions and the threats that are directed at the police command in order to fulfill the assigned mission, the implementation of these tasks requires a revolutionary approach.

The method of collecting information is documentary, the present research is fundamental in nature and developmentally applied in terms of purpose, qualitative content analysis was used to develop a model of revolutionary management in Faraja; the data includes the Supreme Leader's speeches about Faraja, which were categorized and analyzed.

After finalizing the categories, their relationships with each other were examined and the research model was presented. The second layer consists of ten categories, including: Patience, bringing authority and love to people and paying attention to the position, mission and capabilities of Faraja, security-creating, transformational, interactive, law-abiding, wise, healthy life and enemy. Science and at the end of the category that connects the two layers is the category of "thinking based on science, reason and determination". So that from the heart of the first layer, a kind of methodology is obtained, which is a methodology centered on science, reason and determination, which leads to the second layer and the categories of revolutionary management, together with the production of science. and this science is considered as an accumulation that again forms a new movement in the direction of creating new layers of revolutionary management and this movement is constantly repeating itself; If Faraja has a comprehensive revolutionary management model, it can show better performance in the direction of maintaining security, and make an effective contribution in the direction of the full realization of Islamic goals.

Police social capital with components؛ Trust, credit, and participation as a driving force, motivation, movement, effort, and link between the police and the people in a positive view of security, considering the transition conditions of the Iranian society, are of interest and are among the leaders of the police force in establishing and improving internal security. Security crises with the background of internal factors as a part of the enemy's combined war, for the police as one of the main security-making governmental institutions, has consequences and a mission.
In this article, by accepting that the process of forming security crises with an internal base, mainly in the social space as a phenomenon, and it is connected with the social capital of the police, which is not excluded from other social and cultural phenomena, it has been tried, while counting the bases of the formation of security crises in the dimension of internal security, its consequences on the social capital of the police should be examined. Accordingly, the question is, what are the internal bases of the formation of security crises and how does it affect the social capital of the police?
The current research is descriptive based on the applied purpose and the nature of the data. By conducting interviews, the views of a statistical sample, including elites and experts in this field, in the number of 18 people, have been statistically analyzed according to theoretical principles. In this way, first the interviews, people's views and opinions were converted into text, and then with the method of qualitative content analysis, the review texts and dimensions, components, indicators, statistics, classification and extraction results were analyzed and to collect theoretical studies and an overview of the research records and literature of the subject have also been used using the library method.
The research findings indicate؛ the internal context of the security crisis in the social space is formed from the ambiguity in the subjective dimension of social capital and leads to doubt in its objective dimension. The subjective (perceptual) dimension includes the components of competence, legitimacy, trust, credibility, justice, and the objective (practical) dimension includes the components of companionship, cooperation, participation, accountability, cohesion and inefficiency, which are mostly hidden but hidden in the form of phenomena and issues. It is clearly formed and aimed at the government and the governance. Although the performance of the police as a governing institution can prevent or create a platform for crisis, but the internal platforms for the formation of security crises, which are aimed at the government and the governance (individual-institutional), affect the social capital of the police as a governing institution in various forms