نشریه مطالعات عالی هنر
سال سوم شماره 3 (زمستان 1402)

The family photo albums are the photographic collections that taking and collecting them began from the early years of the photography invention and it is still continuing. The family photo album, even in its simplest form, like a wallet, indicates that we belong to a larger group or community. Paralleled with the photographic technological evolutions and advancements, private family history, and social changes, the apparent and content form of the family photo album have varied. The present survey aims to study the content and apparent changes of the family photo album from the early years of the photography invention until before photography entered into the world of the digital technology. This survey pays attention to the material form of the photo album and its virtual form such as the stored electrical files in the computer memories or the individual pages of the internet users. At the beginning, this thesis has surveyed the trend of the photographic technological advancements and its effect on the apparent form of the family photo album. These changes in Iran and the West are separately examined. As follows, I have described the social functions of the family photo album and the importance of surveying them and the initiative methods by the Western researchers for analyzing the family photo albums; and finally, in order to analyze the album reading methods and their functions and importance in the scientific research domain, I have read an Iranian family photo album dating to 1980s and 1990s.The family photo albums are not only a bed for maintaining the family photos but also they serve like the holly family book or history by preserving our memories. In this survey, it has been attempted besides mentioning the individual functions that a family photo album has as a private collection, we determine the album social functions and examine the role of the family photo album in maintaining the individual and collective memories and we observe the effects of the social and political changes in society to better understand the history. By enjoying the available sources and the theorists’ and researchers’ opinions and analyzing the information, the findings and results of this survey have been obtained. Conducting this survey, we concluded that the family photo albums containing postcards and photos, etc. not only help preserve the family history and appreciate family but verify family as a group. By establishing the social interaction, albums consolidate friendships. The family album serves as the family history; represents the family social position and class; and describes the family relations and social roles of the family members. Albums represent the individuals’ self-image and, in this way, they give meaning to the social and individual identity. The family photo album suggests the unsaid stories and memories of the social events. Thus, it holds the people collective memory that is spatially in the same direction with the photo album.

August Sander is one of the most important documentary photographers of the 19th and 20th centuries, who lived in two chaotic periods of human history and acted innovatively in the field of visual historiography. His photos may be referred to as documentary sources in which art; unlike in his contemporary photographers' works; is presented through the simple style and representation of the subject's reality the way it truly is. Since August Sander's photos are one of the main cases in presence of the New Objectivity Movement in photography; The purpose of this research was to discover the characteristics of Sander's expression in documentary photography through the analysis of the photo "The Painter Otto Dix and His Wife, Marta". In this regard, two questions were answered: 1. Which factors was August Sander influenced by to become interested in documentary photography? 2. What are the characteristics of Sander's expression in the photo "The Painter Otto Dix and His Wife, Martha" that makes this photo a documentary one?In this research, it has been assumed that Sander, affected by the events around him, considered photography as a tool for scientific and documentary recording of subjects. Finally, by studying Latin and Persian sources and using a descriptive-analytical method; the author reached the conclusion that Sander, having a documentary approach and influenced by the New Objectivity Movement and also the events around him, used natural means to represent the subject.

In psychology, colors are considered criteria for assessing personality because each of them leaves a specific psychological and physical impact on an individual. Colors can be indicative of the mental and physical states of individuals. This research investigates the impact of color on the character of Valentin, the main female character in the film "Red," directed by Krzysztof Kieslowski. The study examines the extent to which color influences the emotions, behaviors, and preferences of this character based on Max Luscher's color test. The research aims to answer the question of how the understanding of the psychological functioning of colors can lead to an understanding of the mental conditions of humans. In this article, relying on credible sources and using analytical methods, an attempt is made to explore the influence of dominant colors in this film on the main character's personality through color testing, examination, and analysis. The qualitative research was conducted through library and internet resources. Throughout this article, the researcher, by performing the Luscher color test, consisting of eight color cards, and aligning Valentin's behaviors with the psychological definitions that Luscher has provided for each color and the combination of two colors, was able to reach conclusions about the coordination of Valentin's behaviors.

Russian photographers were one of the most active photographers in the field of photojournalism during World War I and II, whose recorded photos played a significant role in presenting a vivid and illustrated report of the war events and the conditions of the people at that time. One of these photographers is Dmitry Baltermants, a prominent Soviet photojournalist whose photographs have depicted the lives of ordinary Russian people for more than 50 years. Baltermants, whose life has always been parallel to war, this fact has formed the main subject of his photos. He was involved in the war and fought in Ukraine, Poland and Germany and captured some of the most important milestones of the war with his photographs. "Grief" is Baltermants' most famous photo, published 23 years after the war and became world-famous in 1965, reporting the mourning of people looking for the bodies of their loved ones. This article, passing on the life and situation of Baltermants, reviews and analyzes his most famous picture, "Grief". The photo "Grief" is a successful work in conveying the sadness and suffering caused by war and a clear example of cruelty and evil.

Throughout history, art has undergone significant changes, artists constantly attempted for all intents and purposes push boundaries and distance themselves from traditional norms. The concept of originality in art really has evolved over time, reflecting changes in society, changing perceptions, and the desire of artists to particularly actually express individuality and challenge artistic conventions in a sort of very big way. The purpose of this article is to for all intents and purposes generally examine how the concept of authenticity mostly specifically has changed today, and explore the reasons for the kind of denial of authenticity in actually contemporary art and its relevance to the art world, which literally specifically is quite significant. The research question definitely is what factors are influencing today'''s actually kind of denial of authenticity in a very pretty major way, really contrary to popular belief. The research essentially is qualitative in nature, employing descriptive analytical research methods based on library and electronic data, or so they particularly thought in a particularly big way. The conclusion of the study literally for all intents and purposes is that the particularly particularly denial of originality in pretty generally contemporary art essentially basically is a actually complex issue influenced by actually many factors, which mostly really is quite significant in a big way. Commercialization of art, dominance of some art movements, impact of actually really social media, artificial intelligence, globalization of art, expansion of art exhibitions and biennales, commercialization of art education, prevalence of art theft, lack of funding, support for artists or the fairly kind of wider presence of a actually particular artist. In the realm of fame, it for the most part for the most part is one of the factors leading to the generally denial of originality in contemporary art, or so they really actually thought.

Photography was created to make the world easier to understand, but the result was the opposite. A photo that was taken in America and had concepts of culture, language, race and even climate created a different understanding for a viewer on the other side of the world. So that it was necessary for him to understand and decode the image in the details of those cultural and linguistic concepts. Lack of complete knowledge of these concepts leads to misunderstanding.Roland Barthes proposed the method of semiotics of "explicit meaning" and"implicit meaning" and said that in order to understand both of these, all the surrounding information of the work should be understood and then analyze that work. This research analyzed the photos of Dian Arbus. In this way, according to the elements in the photos, gestures, age, culture, etc., the signifiers have been determined and the primary and then the secondary signifiers or the implicit signifiers have been described based on the background of the photo. The research method in this study was analytical-descriptive and based on the library method. The photos of Arbus were black and white and had a definite square shape, and in most of the photos, the subject was placed in the middle of the frame, staring at the camera lens and frozen, bringing the viewer into the cold and soulless world of the photo. What was the purpose of Dian Arbus photography? According to the analysis and interpretation of Arbus's photos and taking into account the historical conditions of America in the 60s, he depicted another world so as not to be forgotten. Despite the flaws and defects of most of the Arbus subjects, they were still beautiful and remarkable. Arbus showed in his photos that humanity, kindness and love exist above everything else in this world.