نشریه نقد، تحلیل و زیبایی شناسی متون
پیاپی 22 (بهار 1403)

The mythological circle in the countries of the world has been introduced in such a way that it reflects the mother as a creative element. In the earlier myths, it is clear that the powers are higher than women, but with the role of men in society, compared to women, the mythological circle has slowly changed and turned to the male element, which is a factor in the poems of poets. Ancient times have also emerged. But beyond the ancient times, the same can be seen in the poetry of poets of later periods. The poet studied in this article is Naser Khosrow.

In this article, using descriptive-analytical method, Nasser Khosrow's poems are evaluated and compared with the myths of Iran, Greece, Egypt and India, in which the power of the female is masculine, in order to study the etymology of these verses in It should be discussed among the myths of other countries and it should be revealed how such beliefs are manifested among the myths of the other four countries.

Using the research that was done, evidence was extracted from the poems of Naser Khosrow, which indicates the reflection of very ancient myths in world mythology. These verses show that in the divan of Naser Khosrow, as one of the few poets of Persian literature, a very old belief that existed among the forgotten civilizations is reflected,

By conducting this research, it was revealed that Naser Khosrow has made speeches in his poetry collection that from the mythological point of view,

In different definitions of poetry and the classification of types of poetry from the beginning to the present, different criteria have been considered. The poem of the multiplication table is a poem that Shafi'i Kadkani believes in which words are put together without any thought and by coincidence with a different appearance that does not express a specific meaning in the field of media principle. The poets whose poems, according to Shafi'i Kadkani, bear the title of the multiplication table and directly refer to them and their poetry, are Yadollah Royaei and Sohrab Sepehri, who are among the serious poets of contemporary Persian poetry. In this study, the authors criticize some poems that are considered as multiplication tables according to Shafi'i reasons, such as: random selection of words, disproportionate words of a poem and the randomness of these poems. It has been concluded that the element of appropriateness and connection of words and signs in the axis of accompaniment and substitution causes the longitudinal and transverse coherence of the literary work to increase. On the other hand, the subconscious choice of words for combinations at the level of poetry is not without intellectual and thought support, and cultural and linguistic reserves are involved in the choice of words.

Examining and analyzing literary works based on new perspectives helps to understand unknown aspects of literary works. The story of Zal and Rudabeh, in which romantic tenderness is mixed with epic hardness with a special skill, a novel and surprising combination has been created, has not been analyzed from the perspective of psychoanalytic criticism. The psychoanalytic study of this story based on Jung's point of view and the analysis of its archetypes can open new doors of hidden meanings in the Shahnameh for the audience. In this essay, firstly, the theoretical foundations of Jung's view and the archetypes he considered are briefly introduced. Then the archetypes of anima and animus, mask, shadow, Pir Farzaneh and finally the process of individuality in the story of Zal and Rudabe have been analyzed in a library way.
The results of the research show that Zal, in order to be the father of the world, the hero of the Shahnameh, Rostam, attains a kind of royal wisdom, frees himself from the heaviness of the earth and matter, and reaches the pan of self-discovery. According to the studies conducted, Zal and After reaching the stage of self-awareness and using his unconscious self, Rudabe was able to reach a stage where, when he reaches this stage, the ground for spiritual fusion is provided, and the result of this connection is Jahan Pahlavan Shahnameh.

Description of nature has been one of the most prominent themes used by many Persian-speaking poets, and since the distant past, they have had a lot of love and affection with the manifestations of nature. The impact and reflection of these effects, according to the attitude and way of thinking of the poets, a wide variety of images
It displays a poem. Their perception of nature reflects their thoughts, ideas and feelings. The main issue in this article is to investigate the effects of nature in Salman Savoji's sonnets. For this purpose, his sonnets were first studied and the verses that express the phenomena of nature were extracted and then analyzed and investigated. The frequency of the effects of nature in Savoji's sonnets is very impressive. In general, it can be said that he is a nature-oriented poet with a gentle nature and rich taste. These features have made him very skilled in describing landscapes and show part of his poetic taste in this field.

Simile in Gholamreza Borousan's poems is one of the most important and practical tools of expression. In this research, similes of this contemporary poet have been analyzed and investigated. The scope of the research work is three notebooks of his free poems and the work method is descriptive-analytical based on statistical data. The analogies found based on the types of similes are based on the validity of the parties (sensual or intellectual, singular, binding or compound and multiplicity of parties), on the validity of similitudes (detailed or comprehensive, close or improbable, singular, multiple or compound and investigative or imaginative). It is divided according to the validity of similes (sentient and emphatic) and finally according to the number of similes (separate and ambiguous) and examples are mentioned for each case, and at the end of each discussion, the frequency of each simile is presented in tables. At the end, the frequency of the elements of his similes is given. The results of the research show that he is an allegorical poet and has followed a creative and original process in choosing and processing these allegories. So that most of these similes are of a strange type with a pseudo-imaginary aspect. His similes are mostly of the sensual type in which man and his belongings, nature and its manifestations, and objects and tools have a strong presence in them.

Dream and imagination are one of the categories of folklore penetrating in the ancient literature and common people from a long time ago. Almost all ancient tribes believed in its effect on human life and considered the "true dream" as a kind of discovery and intuition, prediction and getting news of the future. In this study, the dream from the perspective of comparing divine-human ideas with plenty of common people beliefs in the world towards dreaming is studied by comparing the views of the great scientist "Maulana Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi" and the great nineteenth century French poet " Gérard de Nerval ", the representative of French literature, and the identity of human thought beyond time and space are proved. We try to explain perception in the true sense in the ancient folklore as well as epistemological-mystical teachings as the ability to pass the religious way in the direction and to understand the end of truths and penetrating in the human subconscious towards transcendence and self-purification.