پژوهشنامه فیزیولوژی ورزشی کاربردی
پیاپی 36 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of aerobic training with vitamin E supplementation on the mitochondrial biogenesis marker sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and peroxisome gamma receptor activated with coactivator alpha (PGC-1α) in the brain tissue of rats with Parkinson's disease.

In this experimental study, 40 Sprague-Dawley male rats (age 14-16 weeks and weight 250-270 grams) were given Parkinsonism with reserpine (2 mg/kg) were divided into groups (1) Res, (2) sham (Sh/soluble vitamin E), (3) AT, (4) VE and (5) AT+VE. In order to investigate the effects of Res on the variables, 8 rats were included in the healthy control group (HC). Aerobic training was done for eight weeks, five sessions per week and each session lasted 15-48 minutes. VE was also taken orally at 30 mg/kg daily.

SIRT1 and PGC-1α mRNA values in AT, VE and AT+VE groups were significantly higher than Res group (P≤0.05). In addition, SIRT1 and PGC-1α values in the AT+VE group were significantly higher than the AT and VE groups (P≤0.05). SIRT1 mRNA values in AT (P=0.02), VE (P=0.018) and AT+VE (P=0.001) groups were significantly higher than Res group. It was also significantly higher in AT+VE group than AT (P=0.001) and VE (P=0.001) groups. Also, PGC-1α mRNA values in AT (P=0.02), VE (P=0.001) and AT+VE (P=0.001) groups were significantly higher than Res group. It was also significantly higher in AT+VE group than AT (P=0.001) and VE (P=0.001) groups.

It seems that although aerobic training and vitamin E supplementation alone have an effect on mitochondrial biogenesis markers in brain tissue following neurodegenerative disorders; but their interactive effect is much more favorable than the effect of each of them alone.

The challenge for coaches is to quickly return to their initial state during soccer matches. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of tDCS stimulation on the recovery of neuromuscular and skill performance of soccer players following a simulated soccer match.

Twelve young volunteer soccer players were randomly divided into two tDCS groups, anodal and Sham. tDCS stimulation with an intensity of 2 mA and for 20 minutes was applied in the left part of the posterolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in three time periods, immediately, 24 and 48 hours after simulated soccer. Recovery status, pressure perception, shooting skill, vertical jump height and electrical activity of the latissimus dorsi muscle during jumping were investigated in both sham and tDCS conditions

Variance analysis with repeated measurements showed that tDCS stimulation significantly increased the shooting score and significantly decreased the number of shooting errors. The recovery status and perceived pressure and electrical activity of lower body muscles were not affected by tDCS stimulation.

The findings indicate that recovery with tDCS stimulation can restore the technical performance of young soccer players after a soccer match, although it had no effect on increasing neuromuscular activity. Therefore, this method can be used as an effective method to reduce physical and psychological pressure after playing soccer.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the acute effects of blood flow restriction (BFR), static (SS) and dynamic (DS) stretching during rest between sets of a resistance session on serum levels of growth hormone (GH), lactic acid (LA), and nitric oxide (NO) levels in men.

Twenty-eight healthy men with at least one year of regular resistance training (age: 22.28±1 years, BMI: 23.72±1 kg/m2, and fat percentage: 13.15±0.6%) participated in this study voluntarily and were randomly divided into 4 groups: blood flow restriction (BFR,30% 1RM) Static-Stretching (SS, 75% 1RM), Dynamic-Stretching (DS, 75% 1RM) and traditional resistance exercise (TRE, 75% 1RM). Resistance exercise (unilateral front knee extension on the machine) included 1 set of 30 repetition plus 3 sets of 15 repetitions for BFR and 4 sets of 15 repetitions for other groups. For BFR and other groups respectively 90 sec and 60 sec rest intervals implemented. The SS and DS groups performed static stretching on the same leg immediately after each set for 60 seconds. Serum levels of growth hormone, lactate, and nitric oxide were measured before and immediately after exercise sessions.

All four types of activities significantly increased GH, LA, and NO immediately after exercise (P=0.001). But no significant differences were observed between conditions.

Based on the findings, it can be concluded that incorporating different stretching methods (SS or DS) or utilizing BFR during rest intervals, at least for one exercise in a unilateral condition, does not provide any additional benefits compared to inactive rest intervals in the traditional resistance exercise method.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with muscle atrophy. Therefore, the purpose of present study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training with resveratrol consumption on myostatin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in the gastrocnemius muscles of rats after spinal cord injury.
thirty-six male Wistar rats aged eight weeks were placed in 4 groups including control, resveratrol, training and resveratrol + training. Spinal cord injury was caused by dropping a ten-gram weight from a height of 25 mm on the spinal cord in the T10 segment. Resveratrol supplement with a dose of 10 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally and daily. The aerobic training was carried out with the help of the weight support system for 4 weeks, each session was 58 minutes and the intensity was 20 m/min. The level of myostatin and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in the gastrocnemius muscle were measured by ELISA method. To analyze the data, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used at the significance level of p<0.05.
Myostatin level in gastrocnemius muscle of training and resveratrol groups did not show any difference compared to the control group, But Myostatin level in gastrocnemius muscle of training+resveratrol group was significantly lower than control group (p=0/045). IGF-1 level in gastrocnemius muscle of training and resveratrol groups did not show any difference compared to the control group, But IGF-1 level in gastrocnemius muscle of training+resveratrol group was significantly higher than control group (p=0/021).
it seems that aerobic training, when combined with resveratrol supplementation, can prevent atrophy caused by spinal cord injury in muscles below the injury level by affecting the level of muscle myostatin and IGF-1.

Consuming a high-fat diet leads to dysfunction of liver mitochondria and the occurrence of fatty liver disorders, and mitophagy, which plays a role in removing damaged mitochondria, can probably be effective in improving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nutrition, training and hypoxia on liver mitophagy in male Wistar rats.

Thirty-two male rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight including normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet and training in normoxia (HFD-HIIT) and high-fat diet and training in hypoxia (HFD-HHIIT). After determining the maximum aerobic velocity (MAV) in normoxia and hypoxia-hypobaric, the HIIT protocol was performed for 12 weeks and three sessions per week, which included 3 to 8 bouts 4-minute activity with an intensity of 80 to 93 percent of MAV and 2-minute active rest periods with an intensity of 50 percent of MAV. At the end, the levels of HIF-1α, Parkin and Fundc1 genes were measured through RT-PCR.

The expression of Parkin and Fundc1 genes in HFD-HIIT and HFD-HHIIT groups increased significantly compared to HFD (P<0.05). Also, the HFD-HHIIT group showed a significant increase compared to the HFD-HIIT group (P<0.05). Also, liver fat content and HIF-1α gene expression showed a significant decrease in HFD-HIIT and HFD-HHII groups compared to HFD (P<0.05).

It seems that training in hypoxic conditions compared to normoxia has an additional effect on increasing liver mitophagy and subsequently controlling liver fat content.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common type of liver disease in the world. The purpose of this research was to determine and investigate the effect of different intensities of aerobic and resistance exercise on the control of some indicators as important indicators of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

This research was a systematic review and meta-analysis. Out of the 120 reviewed articles, 12 articles met the criteria for inclusion in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The average age of the subjects in the present study was 52 ± 10 years.

The meta-analysis results showed only a significant effect of CRP levels due to moderate and high intensity endurance training and moderate intensity resistance training. Also, the results of the meta-analysis showed that endurance training with medium and high intensity and resistance training with medium intensity in general caused a significant decrease in the levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-8 , adiponectin and TNF-α does not occur.

The results only showed the effect of moderate and high intensity endurance training and moderate intensity resistance training on the levels of CRP as the most sensitive inflammatory indicator, however, there was a significant change in the levels of IL-6, IL-8, adiponectin and TNF-α. was not observed. According to the results of this meta-analysis and due to the limited number of studies in this field, the need for more and higher quality research is felt.