نشریه اقتصاد و برنامه ریزی شهری
سال چهارم شماره 4 (زمستان 1402)

Introduction :

Chrono-urbanization is the latest manifestation of modern urbanism, and it has revolutionized environmental planning policies. This type of urban planning policy emphasizes time and temporal urban planning. Besides this issue, habitable neighborhoods with the correct time scenario affect health and the ability to lead a healthy life. In this regard, the concept of 20-minute neighborhoods, with an emphasis on health dimensions, is rooted in the compact city approach. This approach involves the development of urban areas with short walking distances from residents to access public transportation, public open space, and good access to destinations, facilities, and services that encourage everyday local life. The idea that a person’s daily needs can be met within an active travel distance has become a global flavor of urban policy and planning. The increasing pace of life in the city due to economic issues has forced citizens to change and adapt their lifestyles, maximizing the use of comfort facilities. Besides this challenge, the existence of spatial and social inequalities is one of the main issues in neighborhoods, especially in the context of old cities. The concept of 20-minute neighborhoods was created to address and solve these problems. Currently, this approach has been chosen by several European local and national governments, turning from a principle of planning and design into a comprehensive policy for the future city government. These neighborhoods are recognized globally as a good way to improve life and reduce car travel by having most of the things you need close to you [21, 17]. It was published earlier this year for Melbourne, proposing a city that consists of 20-minute neighborhoods [22, 2]. On the other hand, it can be said that 20-minute neighborhoods are places where everyone can have better access to essential local services and open spaces [24] while also enjoying excellent transportation and active travel links to the rest of the city [24, 26]. This approach allows people to live well in a locality through the services and opportunities available in their area [18]. 20 Minutes has become a special brand in the world, which, of course, does not have new roots and follows the previous idea of Harvard’s Garden City [27 and 31]. Transportation is based on carbon and supports citizens’ health at the same time [28 and 32]. This concept goes beyond political economies by calling for liberal and socialist societies [30]. Open spaces are also emphasized [21 and 36]. Therefore, it can be said that the advantages of this approach are multiple, including more active people and better mental and physical health [32 and 4]. Furthermore, it should be emphasized that the nature of these neighborhoods means it is not about creating restrictions for people’s travel outside their boundaries but about supporting local communities and businesses [22]. It is a city with transportation planning [17]. Now the important question is, why 20 minutes? People travel less on foot than in the past because the distance to the things they need has become longer [2, 15]. Those who do not have vehicles are isolated with poor access to daily services. It should also be kept in mind that spaces dominated by cars harm health and the environment [14]. This research aims to evaluate the approach of 20-minute neighborhoods in the form of a comparative comparison in the old context (Gennet neighborhood) and the new context of the city (neighborhood Imamate) in Mashhad so that its feasibility can be analyzed in two different ways.

The research method is quantitative and employs a comparative-hypothetical approach. A questionnaire was utilized to collect information and field data. The statistical population of the research includes 2633 people in the Jannet neighborhood and 3375 people in the Imamat neighborhood. The selected sample size was calculated using Cochran’s formula as 335 and 344, respectively, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.759. Data analysis was conducted by comparing the averages of two independent communities in SPSS software. The findings of the research indicate that the Imamat neighborhood (new neighborhood), with an average of 49.28 compared to the Jannet neighborhood (old texture) with an average of 44.4 and an overall average of 47, is closer to the indicators of 20-minute neighborhoods. To assess the spatio-temporal analysis of the 20-minute neighborhood approach, Tablo software served as the measurement tool. Spatial-spatial analysis was also employed to analyze the existing realities and the spatial components of the conceptual model. Initially, a checklist corresponding to the characteristics of 20-minute localities, such as the required functions and access network, was prepared. Subsequently, based on the characteristics of the 20-minute neighborhood approach (10-minute round trip and 10-minute return) and the access radius of 800 meters, 800-meter buffers were drawn around each neighborhood, corresponding to the geometric center of the neighborhoods. Finally, the criteria for checking the existing standards in the reality of each neighborhood were considered to be the functions within this buffer. Based on this, the existing conditions for both neighborhoods were measured using field observations and statistical information from GIS software to analyze the proximity of each neighborhood to the standards of the approach.

The results of the comparative study of two neighborhoods, Janet and Imamat, considered the old and new fabric of Mashhad city; show that both neighborhoods have the potential and issues to become successful 20-minute neighborhoods for residents. Additionally, the presence of high permeability, access to services, active trips, facilities, and local health services has a stronger presence in new neighborhoods (Imamat neighborhood) than in old neighborhoods. However, in contrast to the local economy, local job opportunities and social interactions are much more active in old neighborhoods (Gennet neighborhood). In general, it can be mentioned that the Imamat neighborhood (new structure) has better coverage from a functional point of view, and these functions are connected with a continuous network of bicycles and public transportation. On the other hand, the Jannet neighborhood (old structure) has less permeability due to the type of tissue, and the public transportation network within the tissue experiences less traffic, which is considered a fundamental weakness in the approach.

20-minute neighborhoods are not just about access to amenities; they can have real benefits for health, the environment, and the local economy. Reducing the use of cars and encouraging more use of other modes of transportation is considered a positive aspect of this approach. Therefore, it should be kept in mind that these neighborhoods are where people want to live, so the existence of affordable housing is crucial. However, all these issues aim to create “livable places,” locations that improve the quality of life and provide flexibility against challenges. Therefore, the essence of this approach implies that a person can reach all their needs comfortably and willingly on foot within a reasonable distance. What makes these neighborhoods special is the definition of diverse and attractive spaces. According to the findings of the present research, the research hypothesis should first be stated: “Imamat neighborhood of Mashhad city (the new fabric of the city)” has more potential to become a 20-minute neighborhood than the Jannet neighborhood (the old fabric of the city). Confirmation is possible because, based on the nature of the approach designed and planned according to the thoughts of the modern world, it has more potential to align with its main features.

Introduction :

In recent decades, environmental hazards have significantly increased worldwide. In terms of type and diversity, these events are highly varied and pose a serious threat, particularly to human settlements, especially cities, as a significant disaster. Environmental hazards have consistently been a serious threat to the sustainability of cities and communities, causing detrimental effects on human habitats and widespread economic and social consequences. The expansion of public emergencies resulting from environmental hazards has influenced various aspects of societies, including the enhancement of smart city services. The smart city has emerged as a novel model for urban development, receiving considerable attention in recent years, particularly in the scientific domain. The smart city is perceived as an urban system that integrates information technology intelligence with human ingenuity in the urban fabric to optimize and enhance urban operations. Citizen participation and the provision of high-quality services are fundamental principles of smart city services. If a smart city fails to deliver quality services to its citizens, its establishment holds little value. This places pressure on smart city managers to provide quality services effectively. Citizen participation, as a dimension of smart features, is recognized as an effective method for evaluating service quality in smart cities. Large cities, especially in situations of public emergencies related to environmental hazards, require the utilization of smart city services. Tehran, particularly its District 7, faces various environmental challenges and issues, jeopardizing the city’s sustainability. This study aims to analyze the impact of the quality of smart city services on citizen participation during environmental hazard emergencies in District 7 of Tehran. The primary research question is as follows: How has the impact of the quality of smart city services and its components manifested on citizen participation during environmental hazard emergencies in District 7 of Tehran?

The present research is a type of cognitive study that, in terms of purpose, falls within the scope of applied research. In terms of the data collection method, it is a quantitative study, and concerning the research type, it is descriptive-analytical from the structural equation modeling (SEM) branch. Regarding the research design strategy, it is a retrospective study, and in terms of time, it is cross-sectional, as the data are collected once and within a specific timeframe. The statistical population includes all citizens of District 7 in Tehran, with a total of 312,194 individuals. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 400 was determined. The research variables include the quality of smart city services and citizen participation in environmental hazard emergencies. SPSS 26 and AMOS 26 software were utilized for data analysis.

In this research, 400 samples were used, 71% of which are male and 29% are female. 3.71% of respondents are married, and 7.28% are single. The majority of citizens have a bachelor’s degree (50%), followed by a master’s degree (21.3%). Most respondents have freelance jobs (48%), and the second-highest occupation is office work (27.3%). The highest residence experience falls into the range of 5 to 8 years (30.3%). Descriptive analysis of research variables indicates that the variable of smart city service quality is at a moderately desirable level (average 3.08), and the variable of citizen participation in environmental emergencies is also at a moderately desirable level (average 3.09). The lowest dispersion belongs to the variable of smart city service quality and the smart environment component (7.37%), and the highest dispersion belongs to the variable of smart city service quality and the smart life component (44.2%). In the main hypothesis section, the impact of smart city service quality on citizen participation is confirmed with a significance coefficient of (0.4/048). The impact of smart energy on citizen participation is confirmed with a significance coefficient of (-2.84). The impact of the smart environment on citizen participation is confirmed with a significance coefficient of (2.58). The impact of smart living on citizen participation is not confirmed with a significance coefficient of (0.07). The impact of smart transportation on citizen participation is confirmed with a significance coefficient of (4.71). The impact of smart health on citizen participation is confirmed with a significance coefficient of (5.175).

Smart cities utilize a variety of technologies for numerous reasons, such as making life in a city more comfortable, safer, healthier, and more sustainable. Participatory technologies, for example, can be considered as an instance of smart technologies that engage citizens in public issues. These technologies encompass a synergy between technology, citizens, and city government, providing a citizen-centric approach to smart cities. Therefore, the quality of smart city services, especially concerning the components of smart energy, smart environment, smart living, smart transportation, smart safety, and smart health, significantly influences citizen participation in environmental emergencies. Consequently, smart cities, by enhancing these components, can facilitate citizens’ access to information and resources needed during emergencies, thereby promoting active citizen engagement in emergency management. In conclusion, the development of a smart city and the improvement of its service quality play a crucial role in empowering citizens to cope with environmental hazards.

Introduction :

In the past decades, the concept of sustainability has increasingly garnered public attention by highlighting the challenging balance between the needs of the global population and the environmental burdens these needs impose. Urban sustainability is characterized as developing a constructed environment that seeks to meet people’s basic needs while avoiding socially or environmentally unacceptable impacts. Nowadays, assessing the sustainability status of cities and their transition towards sustainability has become one of the most important principles of urban planning. However, due to the dynamic and multifaceted nature of sustainability and the distinctive characteristics of each urban typology, the manifestation of sustainability in each city can vary. The indicators influencing sustainability and driving cities towards becoming sustainable may differ across cities. Therefore, this research aims to explicate the influential factors on sustainability and analyze them in the small and medium-sized cities of Qazvin province.

The research method employed in this study is applied and is based on quantitative methods. To analyze the data and achieve the research objectives, after extracting the urban sustainability indicators and preparing the questionnaire, the urban sustainability indicators extracted from theoretical foundations in the PLS software are identified or validated through second-order confirmatory factor analysis modeling for each of the medium-sized and small cities. Subsequently, the factors influencing urban sustainability indicators in each of the medium-sized and small cities are determined and analyzed. The examination of urban sustainability concerning the size and population of the city, especially in small and medium-sized cities, has not received much attention from researchers in this field and remains relatively unexplored, making this a significant innovation in this research in the realm of sustainability. The sampling in this study utilizes simple random sampling, where all members are equally likely to be selected. The Cochran formula, a common formula for estimating sample size in urban and social studies, is used to estimate the sample size for each of the study samples.

Research findings indicate that, based on data analysis, in the city of Qazvin, the housing-transport factor and the social-cultural factor have the greatest impact on the sustainability and movement of the city towards sustainability. In contrast, the environmental factor has the least impact. In recent years, unprecedented economic developments in the housing sector have affected all aspects of this area. The increase in housing prices and the difficulty of obtaining them for citizens, the reduction in housing dimensions, and the use of non-sustainable materials and plans have all contributed to housing becoming one of the most important issues in defining sustainability in mid-sized cities. On the other hand, the dominance of motorized and unsustainable transportation in the urban development process has caused numerous problems for cities, and Qazvin is no exception, as sustainable and clean transportation infrastructure and facilities have not been provided in this city. On the other hand, in Ziaabad as a small city, the factor of facilities and infrastructure has the greatest impact on the state of sustainability. Conversely, the economic and managerial factors, as well as the environmental factors, do not have a significant relationship with the sustainability of small cities. Nowadays, in many small cities, due to various managerial and organizational factors, facilities and infrastructure do not have a desirable state, leading to numerous problems and difficulties for the citizens of these cities. Ziaabad is also not exempt from this situation. Considering the importance of facilities, infrastructure, and its sub-indices such as green spaces in the concept of sustainability, and the undesirable state of this index in small cities like Ziaabad, it can be stated that the realm of urban facilities and infrastructure is of great importance in moving small cities towards sustainability.

The results of data analysis regarding the indices influencing sustainability indicate that in medium-sized cities, housing, transportation, and social-cultural factors have the greatest impact on defining and achieving sustainability. Within these factors, indices of land and housing supply costs, as well as recreational opportunities, play the most prominent role in influencing these factors and therefore the sustainability of cities. Therefore, for medium-sized cities to move towards sustainability, urban planners should pay greater attention to the housing, transportation, and social spheres. On the other hand, in small cities, factors such as amenities, infrastructure, and elderly care have the greatest impact and significance in defining the status of sustainability and achieving it. Within these factors, sub-indices of green spaces, access to services, and housing quality have the most significant internal impact on these factors and consequently on sustainability in small cities. Ultimately, it can be stated that in medium-sized cities, the housing and transportation sectors, and in small cities, the amenities and infrastructure sectors, play the most prominent role in the movement of cities towards sustainability and defining sustainability. Therefore, these sectors and their influential sub-indices can be considered by urban planners in the process of formulating urban plans and programs.

Introduction :

Cities are selected as tourist destinations due to the diverse array of primary and secondary attractions. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) classifies this form of tourism activity conducted within urban spaces as urban tourism. This type of tourism significantly contributes to the development of cities, as numerous urban areas today attract a substantial number of tourists. From a developmental perspective, the tourism industry is viewed as a valuable tool for local development, providing a positive response to adverse economic changes. In recent years, there has been a notable surge in interest in urban tourism research, with urban tourism evolving into an integral component of tourism studies. Some even argue that it has transformed into a “distinct phenomenon and research field.” Despite this, few publications and authors have offered clear definitions of urban tourism. To address this gap, this research employs bibliometric and illustrative methods to conduct a quantitative review of the literature on urban tourism. The objective is not only to present a comprehensive overview of this field but also to identify research trends and highlight key research topics for consideration by active researchers in the field. In essence, this study aims to unveil the quantitative publication process of scientific productions in urban tourism research, including citation patterns, noteworthy articles, influential journals, prominent authors, active countries, and leading universities in this domain. Additionally, it seeks to identify frequent keywords, outline the conceptual structure within this field, and ultimately introduce research topics that hold significance for researchers engaged in urban tourism studies.

The current research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach and employs the bibliometric method to investigate the progress and development in the field of urban tourism. The bibliometric method offers advantages in objective analysis and knowledge discovery, facilitated through the use of visual representations. The Web of Science database and its subcategories were chosen for article retrieval and review, focusing on titles, abstracts, and relevant keywords within the research literature. Initially, 1155 articles were retrieved from the database, and subsequently, specific criteria and filters were applied. These criteria included limiting article types to research and review types and restricting the language to English to enhance output quality. This process resulted in 706 articles remaining for analysis. To visualize the data, the data were entered into the VOS viewer software, which illustrates patterns in the field of study. Additionally, the software facilitated co-authorship and keyword co-occurrence analysis, contributing to the clustering of knowledge and the identification of main themes.

According to the findings, there has been a consistent upward trend in the publication of articles since 2006, continuing to the present and reaching its zenith in 2020 with 111 articles. The citation of articles within this field has also experienced a steady increase, peaking at 2727 citations in 2021. Notably, the article titled “Urban Tourism Researches: Recent Progress and Current Paradoxes,” authored by Ashworth and Page and published in the Tourism Management Journal in 2011, holds the distinction of being the most cited article in this field, accumulating 490 citations. Ashworth and Page further emerge as the most cited authors in this field, with the publication of this influential article and a total link strength of 427. The Tourism Management Journal stands out as the most cited journal in the field of urban tourism, boasting 2095 citations for its articles. The findings also highlight England as the most cited country in this field, amassing 2035 citations, coupled with the highest link strength. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University claims the top position among universities in this field, accumulating 625 citations and a total link strength of 169. Upon examination of the most frequent words and the subsequent exploration of the conceptual structure and research streams within this field, a keyword co-occurrence analysis was conducted. Words such as “urban tourism,” “tourism,” and “over-tourism” were identified as the most frequent. Additionally, the analysis revealed that fundamental topics in this research field include urban tourism, cities, heritage, and places. In recent years, emerging topics such as over-tourism, sustainability, gentrification, peer-to-peer accommodation, and smart tourism have gained attention in research within this field.

The findings of this research confirm the identification of the latest trends. One of the prevailing research trends in urban tourism that has garnered significant attention is over-tourism. Recognized as a prominent urban issue, over-tourism poses a threat to the overall tourism experience and the positive reputation of destinations. This phenomenon has manifested due to the excessive influx of tourists, particularly in European countries, a concern that did not gain widespread discussion until 2017. The heightened density and concentration of tourists adversely impact the daily lives of residents, leading to issues such as transportation challenges, increased prices, and difficulties in accessing services and retail facilities. Moreover, the presence of tourists in certain destinations raises housing demand, resulting in higher costs and, consequently, the displacement of lower-income residents, exacerbating the problem of gentrification. Commercial gentrification, the displacement of local businesses by foreign brands, and the disruption of the social and economic fabric of neighborhoods due to the growth of tourist rentals as a business are significant consequences that threaten the well-being of urban facilities for the local population. A key solution to address urban problems and over-tourism is smart tourism. Analyzing factors such as travel motivations, travel times, and traffic can empower stakeholders to make informed decisions, optimizing and enhancing tourist attraction to destinations. Smart tourism is also closely tied to sustainability, a crucial aspect in this field, contributing to the sustainable development of urban tourism destinations. Another notable trend in urban tourism is the rise of peer-to-peer accommodations, or in other words shared accommodations, such as couch surfing, driven by technological advancements. Moreover, While China and the United States lead in terms of social structure, European countries have been at the forefront of research in this area. However, a comprehensive review and comparison of tourism literature with scientific developments in urban tourism reveal existing research gaps. Over-tourism has emerged as a pressing issue for tourist destinations, necessitating further investigation into its impact on the tourist experience, its influence on decision-making in the pre-trip stage, and how to anticipate this problem in developing countries within the tourism domain. Additionally, there is a need for research exploring the impact of overtourism on other types of tourists, such as religious tourists in urban areas, given the collective nature of certain events. Despite the ongoing research efforts, the current literature lacks detailed case studies related to urban tourists’ experiences with technologies and the provision of personalized services. Future research should delve into the role of smart tourism in urban settings, particularly examining the active participation and co-creation of value by tourists in smart tourism initiatives. Furthermore, the assessment of cities’ carrying capacity and sustainability, especially in emerging destinations, should be a focal point. The developments spurred by individual accommodations also warrant exploration, including the dynamics of tourist-host relations, motivations, preferences, needs, and the overall experience of this specific group of tourists. These areas represent crucial avenues for further investigation in the realm of urban tourism.

Introduction :

To solve urban problems, smart city concepts have created a significant leap in related perspectives and solutions. Smart cities have also gained increased attention due to the need to use smart solutions and utilize information and communication technology as a positive force for sustainable life. It is called a smart city when it invests in human capital, traditional transportation infrastructure, and modern information and communications technology infrastructure to enable sustained economic growth and high quality of life. This definition emphasizes the role of investment and the provision of financial resources in smart cities. The financing of smart city projects has been done to a considerable extent based on the current budget of Tehran Municipality. The various areas of investment have not played a significant role in the aforementioned projects. Various issues related to the country’s technological embargo have had an impact on this process as well. There is a need for new financing approaches for these cities. So, we have examined various cases of such approaches in this research. By designing a conceptual Grounded Theory model, the current study aims to identify the factors that influence the provision of financial resources for information technology projects in the smart city.

According to its purpose, the current research is applied research, and its method of data collection is a library and field study. We used snowball sampling to collect the required data and information, which simultaneously collected the data, analyzed it, and selected the next samples based on the analysis of the previous samples. The research components were determined using document review and open and semi-structured interviews with 20 experts and consultants. The interviews were summarized using grounded theory. To ensure the validity of the interviews, after designing the interview framework, four research experts were consulted and the necessary changes were incorporated. For each interview, open-ended questions were used to solicit opinions, and then the answers were noted and coded. To determine the reliability of the interviews, the subject agreement method was used between two coders.

In this research, the steps of the Grounded theory were carried out in three stages: 1) study and collection of primary data, 2) semi-structured interview with experts, 3) coding of data to obtain concepts and components and establish relationships among them, resulting in three types of coding (open, axial, and selection). 210 key points and 79 open codes were identified in the open coding phase. Codes identified during the interviews include reducing the time to conclude a contract, improving contract governance, changing the category of financing, separating the contractor from the investor, increasing the importance of the profit of the projects, the problems of cumbersome procedures, the quality of the preliminary studies of the projects and the certainty of conducting the preliminary studies, and the existence of a sense of trust and the current platforms of technology. The axial coding stage identified 24 subcategories, and during the selective coding stage, the general categories of the conceptual model were identified based on these categories. These categories included causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies, and consequences.

According to the results of the research, based on current economic conditions and indicators, such as inflation and exchange rates economic factors should be considered as causal conditions, and other causal conditions can include risk management, skill and behavioral characteristics of management, financial resources availability, contract management, and financial structure. Before starting to provide financial resources for projects, basic conditions should be provided; project life cycle management is one of these things. Every smart plan or project that is defined, planned, and implemented from the beginning has a certain lifespan and definitely, the use of any funding mechanism can be defined during its useful life, and sometimes the increase in project time will have a significant impact on the primary mechanisms. The model also identifies technology management, smart project nature, and data availability as contextual factors. An intervening condition in a Grounded theory model affects a strategy. Intervention conditions include political factors, organizational structure, debt management, stakeholder management, and innovation management, as well as the development and application of business models, training and culturalization of managers in how to provide financial resources, and improving financial and executive governance systems as model strategies are defined.

Introduction :

Among the most critical challenges facing new neighborhoods of residential complexes, apartments, residential towers, and residential blocks, are socioeconomic and cultural issues, the erosion of neighborhood functionality [1], the loss of family structure and privacy, the distancing of neighborhood services, a disregard for human scale, and the alteration of the neighborhood’s spatial arrangement. This leads to a reduction in suitable spaces in the neighborhood’s core for family leisure activities and a decline in social interactions [2]. On the other hand, the burgeoning emergence of novel approaches in urban planning, while focusing on a specific segment of society, such as child-friendly cities, elderly-friendly cities, women-friendly cities, disabled-friendly cities, and similar cases, underscores the inadequacy of traditional approaches in effectively addressing existing societal issues. Society requires a novel approach that considers the social unit “family,” highlights a holistic and comprehensive view of society, and caters to the needs of each individual. This concept is more tangible and aligns with the intellectual foundations of Iranian-Islamic society. Additionally, the family encompasses a diverse range of age and gender groups, and employing this approach will accommodate the needs and desires of all of these groups. One of the first steps in formulating a theoretical framework and introducing a novel approach is to identify its core components and key indicators. In light of this, the objective of this study is to delineate the components and indicators of family-based urbanization in Iranian-Islamic neighborhoods. This research, therefore, seeks to answer the question: What are the components and indicators of family-based urbanization in Iranian-Islamic neighborhoods?

This study employs qualitative content analysis as its research methodology. The statistical population encompasses all relevant texts. The research falls under the category of fundamental and developmental research in terms of its purpose. To gather the necessary information, this study utilizes documentary (library) methods. Documentary methods have been employed to elaborate on the theoretical concepts and explain the components and indicators of the study in the fields of “the evolution of the family in Iranian culture,” “the family from the Islamic perspective,” “the four relationships of man in Sufism,” “the Islamic-Iranian neighborhood,” “the needs of the Muslim family in Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods” based on the four relationships of man in Sufism and the research context. For data analysis and modeling, given the qualitative nature of the collected information, reasoning and logic were utilized.

The Iranian Muslim family possesses distinct characteristics; hence it demands unique needs and requirements. These requirements should be considered and addressed during the process of urban management, planning, and designing. Since prevailing urban planning models often originate from Western nations and non-Muslim cultures and are imported into Iran, they align with the framework of the non-Muslim Western family and were devised to cater to their functions and needs. Therefore, they not only fail to address the functions and requirements of the Iranian Muslim family but also impose detrimental effects on their lifestyle and functionalities. As an illustrative example, the social needs of the Iranian Muslim family, which are encompassed by the concept of “mercy and harmony” in Islamic principles, are difficult and sometimes impossible to fulfill in modern housing structures that are solely designed for economic pursuits and do not align with the lifestyle of the Iranian Muslim family.During the analysis of the concept of the Iranian-Islamic city, it was evident that the prevailing definitions adhere to an individual-centric sociological approach. The Western urban planning system, which is also adopted in our country, employs a per capita utilizationdefinition that assigns space and usage based on individual needs. This approach reflects the individual-focused perspective of sociological theories in urban planning. This view prioritizes the individual as the foundation for spatial allocation and utilization. On the other hand, the “Dimensions of Urbanization in Islamic-Iranian Neighborhoods” model attempts to incorporate the concept of family, albeit partially, within the social-cultural dimension, specifically by employing the household dimension index. It should be noted that household is a demographic concept, while family is a sociological concept. Thus, to transform this model into a “family-centered urbanization dimensions model in Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods,” necessitates an adaptation that integrates the institution of the family within its framework. In the conceptual framework of the study, due to the profound significance and impact of Islamic laws on all aspects of the city and the family, the research components that categorize Islamic laws into four fundamental categories form the four overarching facets of the conceptual model. The concepts associated with each category are positioned in the first layer of the model. The subsequent layer encompasses the interpretation of these concepts within the context of Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods. The final layer applies the requirements and considerations of Iranian Muslim families to this interpretation, ultimately shaping the Islamic-Iranian neighborhood.

The concept of the Iranian Muslim family, shaped by Islamic culture, values, and principles, embodies a distinct pattern and lifestyle that necessitates its own set of requirements. These requirements directly influence various socio-cultural, economic, environmental, physical-spatial, usage, and access dimensions of the city and neighborhood, demanding a unique model. In this regard, a table is presented that establishes the connection between the four research components and the facets of urban planning in Islamic-Iranian neighborhoods. The proposed strategies for each of these dimensions are separately explained by the four research components. Examples of these strategies include:• The proximity of the workplace to residential areasEnsuring children’s access to job training opportunities within the neighborhood through a dedicated children’s job park and similar facilities  Fostering neighborhood functions that promote the personal, religious, and moral development of the family, particularly children  Providing a designated space within the home for short-term leisure activities  Designing appropriate spaces within the neighborhood for family leisure pursuits  Creating a conducive environment within the home for regular exercise  Establishing designated spaces within the neighborhood for family sports activities  Cultivating a tranquil atmosphere within the home  Embedding the principles of family harmony into the home environment  Designating a space within the home for solitude and contemplation

Introduction :

Due to the complicated and abundant energy needs of cities, as well as the crisis brought on by the usage of fossil fuels in cities and global warming, optimizing energy use is essential. In this sense, creating smart and sustainable cities—which take into account a variety of sustainability-related factors—represents a significant strategy for reducing energy consumption and accelerating the shift to clean energy through digitalization. A smart city is a city whose construction is developed based on information and communication technology (ICT) sustainable urban development is “the process of change in the environment that strengthens economic development while preserving resources and improving the health of the individual, society and ecosystem”. A large amount of research indicates that the primary focus of smart cities is the field of technology and how organizational characteristics and capacities influence its application; design considerations have been overlooked in this regard. Sustainable cities, however, consider design concepts and principles and ignore smart aspects. Thus, we can discuss sustainable smart cities by bringing together these two concepts. A sustainable smart city is the application of information and communication technology to meet the needs of its current residents without endangering other people or future generations, which facilitates achieving sustainable urban development and improving the quality of life. However, policymakers and stakeholders related to smart cities lack practical research-based recommendations to support the development of sustainable smart cities. Governments may not be able to offer citizens high-quality services if they fail to take into account several factors while formulating policies about the development of sustainable smart cities. As a result, the main goal of the research is to identify and rank the factors affecting the development of a sustainable smart city, and the research questions considered in this article are: What are the factors affecting the development of a sustainable smart city with a focus on optimal energy management? What are the influencing and affectability factors in the development of a sustainable smart city? To answer the questions raised, this paper proposes a model for how to address them in the sustainable smart city agenda. The results of this research help managers, policymakers, and urban planners have a clear picture of sustainable smart city development.

The purpose of this research is to provide a model of factors affecting the development of a sustainable smart city. For this reason, binomial statistical tests and fuzzy DEMATEL methods were applied. Both components are quantitative techniques and use quantitative data for analysis. The binomial test is a non-parametric test for screening factors. By using SPSS software and the binomial test, the significance level is calculated for the factors, and the factors whose significance level is more than 0.05 are removed. DEMATEL is a method that identifies the direction and intensity of direct and indirect relationships between factors in a complex system through matrix calculations and related mathematical theories. The current research is exploratory in terms of its purpose (due to the identification of the effective factors of the research). From the point of view of orientation, it is applied (using the results in the analysis of the important factors of sustainable smart city development) and in terms of methodology, it is mixed. The theoretical research community includes professors, managers, and experts. Also, the sampling method is judgmental and based on expert knowledge and judgment. It should be noted that the sample size in this research is 15 people. The stages of the current research include:1) Literature review to identify factors influencing the development of a sustainable smart city 2) The initial screening of the research factors using a binomial test 3) Determining the most effective factors through the fuzzy DEMATEL method 

The findings of the research show that initially, 20 effective factors for the development of a sustainable smart city with a focus on optimal energy management were extracted with an analytical review of the research literature. Then, by analyzing the binomial test, 10 factors of education and empowerment of citizens, control of pollution level development of private and public collaborations, traffic management systems, development of innovation and entrepreneurship, attractiveness and urban competitiveness, management of resource consumption, urban planning and public policies, cyber security, and the participation of citizens had a significant level above 5% and were excluded from the calculations. Also, the remaining 10 factors were investigated using the fuzzy DEMATEL technique. DEMATEL’s technique evaluates factors from the point of view of Influencing and Affectability. According to the findings of Fuzzy DEMATEL and the net effect index, the factors of high-speed internet (5G technology), research and development, big data, artificial intelligence, and green Internet of things had the highest effect. 

The results of this research show that high-speed Internet (5G technology) is the most influential factor in the future of sustainable smart cities. Using 5G technology increases the speed of users’ access to a large amount of data and reduces its time. The Internet of Things can benefit from 5G technology to manage energy consumption in a sustainable smart city. Therefore, 5G technology can respond well to the needs of a sustainable smart city to manage energy consumption. Research and development is ranked second in terms of influencing the future of sustainable smart cities. Research and development by attracting investment and innovation in products and services and producing advanced technologies leads to knowledge-based activities and as a result, being a pioneer in the field of sustainable policies. Therefore, it is possible to take a big step in this direction by supporting the collaboration between academia and industry as well as new technology-based firms (NTBFs). Big data is ranked third in terms of influencing the future of sustainable smart cities. Determining useful information is very important in data-driven smart city development projects because identifying information to provide to customers is directly related to the value and attractiveness of a service. Artificial intelligence is ranked fourth in terms of influencing the future of sustainable smart cities. Artificial intelligence helps to manage energy production and consumption in changing environments and markets. The integration of artificial intelligence with 5G networks and sensor networks can create a new field for next-generation smart city services. The Internet of Green Things and its application has the fifth rank in terms of influencing the future of sustainable smart cities. Internet of Things technologies bring many challenges such as increasing energy consumption as well as electronic waste in smart cities. Smart city programs must be compatible with the environment, hence smart cities should move towards green IoT. The analysis of these key factors helps the decisions of managers, policymakers, and urban planners to invest and provide the necessary infrastructure of a smart city for optimal energy management.

Introduction :

Urban planning rules and regulations are compiled by various institutions. The Islamic Council, the Board of Ministers of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, the Supreme Council of Architecture and Urban Development, and the Islamic Councils of the cities as bodies for drafting laws and regulations and municipalities and subordinate organizations, subordinate organizations of the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Roads and subordinate bodies of the Ministry of Energy, subordinate bodies as They are the enforcers of these laws. On an objective scale, the result of not following the legal foundations, especially the general principles and requirements of legislation in the policies of the executive system (urban development sector) and, conversely, planning and ignoring the position of the principles, goals and the nature of the issue of urban development in the legal system, both legislative and judicial, in a confused form. The physical-spatial system of the residential system the failure to fulfill the goals of urban development plans and the collision of the judicial procedure are evident. By examining and evaluating the country’s urban planning and architecture policy in a temporal, spatial, and thematic process, the complications of evidence and documentation emerged to show that the document of urban planning and architecture regulations of urban development plans is one of the most important components of these plans from a legal point of view. Compared to other parts The plan has more legal value and is more binding. Part of this weakness is due to the existence of objections or undeniable issues, for which the appropriate and comprehensive term is the title “inefficiency of the legal system of urban planning”, which results in lawlessness and a low tendency to legalize injustice. According to the above, this question is raised: To what extent has the position of the right to the city been observed in the resolutions of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran in the methodology of urban development plans in Iran? 

The current research method is applied research in terms of the purpose of the research. After the completion of the studies, its results will be useful in the way of urban planning and how to study, review, and prepare urban plans. The type of reasoning used in this research is based on the inductive-deductive method. This type of reasoning is the most scientific method. In this way, nowadays the most important aspects of deductive and inductive methods are combined and used in the scientific method. In this regard, the framework and direction of the research were determined by referring to general issues and information, and by that, the research problem, the main goal, the main question, and the tools and methods of conducting the research were determined and explained. In the following, by using inductive reasoning and the frameworks determined in the research plan, the required information was prepared and presented in appropriate categories. In this regard, the way to obtain applicable information is to use the existing and proposed information of the approved urban development plans in successive stages, which has been discussed. Other information has been collected and prepared from the review of available sources and the researcher’s direct investigations in this regard. Finally, with analogical reasoning and using the collected information, the studies have been summarized by relying on reason and general propositions, the result of which is the presentation of the causes and roots of problems in the methodology of urban development plans in Iran, in the preparation of urban development plans and solutions from the perspective of the right to the city has been stated in the policymaking of the Supreme Council of Urban Planning and Architecture of Iran. 

The results of the research showed that in total and among all the studied sources, the highest percentage of frequency and thematic emphasis is on the axes of criticism of the approach (31%), criticism of the process (27%), feasibility (14%) and criticism of the tools and methods of projects. Urban development (10%) has been achieved, which shows the main emphasis of professors and professionals in this field on these areas. A significant part of the factors affecting the non-fulfillment of urban development plans is related to the other three areas of incorrect approaches and processes and inappropriate tools and methods. This is why the main orientation of this research is based on the threefold improvement of the approach, process, and tools of urban development plans using the knowledge of future studies. With these explanations, in the following, the separation in each of these three areas, the meta-analysis of the status of the components of each category, and the most important results are extracted. In the meta-analysis of the critique of the “approach” of urban development plans, the most important factors that will be listed are classified in the form of five categories: Lack of optimal efficiency . Lack of comprehensiveness . Cognitive limitation and information limitation  Failure to correctly predict the future ..Structural and content problems. 

 One of the important measures to modify the service description is the preparation of plans, which is followed by the general description of the proposed services in this article along with their production documents. In this type of research, inductive and comparative methods are combined. The way of applying this paradigm in different parts of the research was to study the concepts and types of plans, the evaluation of the success rate of the plans in Iran, the convergences and divergences in the urban development plans, and the like in the framework of the inductive method and other words in the objective world. It was done and finding the root causes of problems in the methodology of plans and summarizing, comparative comparison, and presentation of new planning theory and methods was done through analogical method and in the mental world. The current research benefited from the positivist paradigm on the one hand and from the new positivist and phenomenological paradigms on the other hand. By doing this research, in addition to obtaining the necessary maps for the optimal implementation of urban development plans, it also provides the conditions for monitoring the quality of the implementation and provides a basis for a better understanding of the useful results of the plan. This research allows the employer or the users of the results of this research to develop criteria for evaluating the accuracy, validity, and reliability of urban development projects in Iran from the legal perspective of the right to the city.

Introduction :

During the last few decades, some issues, including industrial, economic, and social developments, village-to-city migration, and the growth and expansion of marginal areas, have resulted in deviations and social damages. Informal settlements in Iran, like many developing countries, manifest the growing trend of spatial inequalities and increasing poverty in cities. The feeling of security, as one of the essential needs of human beings, plays a significant role in the development of a sense of belonging to a place and the vitality of the citizens so the presence of security is one of the important variables in strengthening the human city and the identity of the cities. Today, social problems are considered as the most important threatening factors in the cities. Marginalization is considered one of the important centers for the occurrence of social problems. Due to the expansion of marginalization, the social-economic insecurity increases. Social deviations and criminality have become the symbol of marginal areas and facilitate the occurrence of crime in these areas. Overcrowding and excessive density in marginal areas, on the one hand, and the inferior culture of marginal residents, on the other hand, increase the potential of crime occurrence in the marginal neighborhoods of metropolitan areas. Lack of cultural training, low education of the citizens, their resistance to innovation, and mixing with the superior culture of the mother city have led to the historical lag of these regions. Therefore, despite several decades of appearance of marginalization and the change of several generations, the dominant culture of marginalization still prevails in these neighborhoods. The creativity and innovation of this research are to examine the relationship between social deviations and environmental quality and to determine the impact of environmental design components in reducing the crime rate in marginal areas. The current research aims to investigate the components of environmental quality and its impact on reducing social deviations in marginal areas in Maragheh City.

The research is conducted by a descriptive-analytical method and it is practical research. Library methods and field observations (questionnaires) have been used to collect the data. The statistical population includes all the marginal residents of Maragheh City. Using the stratified probability sampling method and the Kochran formula, 320 people were chosen as the sample of the study. Eighteen variables were used to evaluate the role of environmental quality in social deviations. The studied area in this research is the marginal areas of Maragheh city, including Anzab, Mikael-Abad, Zeinal-Abad, and Pahrabad. In the analysis of the data, SPSS software, chi-squared test (x2) as well as Simple Linear Regression test were used. In univariate regression, the changes of an independent variable on the dependent variable were evaluated. Considering that, there is an independent variable (environmental quality) and a dependent variable (social deviations) in this research, the univariate (simple) regression test was used. To determine the factors of the environmental quality scale and summarize the main factors of crime occurrence, the exploratory factor analysis model was used.

The analysis of the field study shows that the environmental quality in the marginal areas of Maragheh city suffers from some problems and it is largely lower than the average level. To test the impact of environmental quality on social deviations in marginal areas, an univariate regression test was used (Sig= 0.000; Beta= 0.32). it means that each unit of increase in the unfavorable state of environmental quality leads to a 0.32 increase in social deviations. The results of the univariate regression test indicate that with each unit increase in the unfavorable condition of environmental quality, social deviations increase by 32%. According to the results of exploratory factor analysis of the environmental quality variable, 3 factors were extracted after Varimax rotation. In this study, the impact of environmental quality on social deviations in marginalized areas was confirmed. However, no significant relationship was found between age and social deviations in marginalized areas, and also there was not any significant difference between social deviations in marginalized areas based on the gender of the subjects. Therefore, it can be concluded that the quality of the environment has a relatively equal effect on the social deviations of the residents, while gender or age cannot be considered as factors affecting the social deviations of the residents of the marginal areas and it is necessary to improve the environmental quality of the marginal areas and increase the required facilities as well as reduce the harmful factors.

According to the results of the factor analysis, three factors, including the functional-service factor, density and the space presence factor, and physical–user factor reduce the crime occurrence in the marginal areas. The results of the univariate regression test indicate that with each unit increase in the unfavorable condition of environmental quality, social deviations increase by 32%. In the marginal areas of Maragheh City, unemployment, violence, and the commission of various crimes, including murder, poverty, and addiction, show a high rate. The results of the research show that with urban planning and design, including the development of public spaces, renovation of houses, widening the passages, giving services, good night lighting, the establishment of some state offices in these areas, desirable public transportation and adaptation of urban furniture will encourage the residents to go to the public spaces and help to ensure the security of these areas.

Introduction :

Today, one of the most important challenges facing us is the issue of housing and informal settlements. The issue of informal settlement is a human challenge whose consequences are still visible in the developing world. Besides being a geographical, urban, and architectural phenomenon, informal settlements are also seriously considered a social phenomenon. Informal settlement is generally defined as the increasing, unauthorized, and self-organized production of new urban neighborhoods. These settlements have often become a place to attract migrants from the countryside to the city, provide cheap housing for more than a billion people, and create the basic infrastructure of neighborhoods in growing cities.

The following article is practical in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical in nature. The required data and information were also completed using forecasting methods and the use of questionnaire tools and interviews with specialists and experts. The statistical population in this article is the experts, specialists, and experts related to the research topic and the geographical area of the research is the middle city of Andam Khoi. Experts have been selected from the following fields: academic and scientific community experts with the specialized field of urban planning and housing, managers and experts active in the field of urban management, managers and executive agents involved in urban issues (municipality and road and urban development department) ). In this research, the Delphi technique was used to collect data, and the structural analysis method was used to investigate and identify influencing factors and variables. The key factors were also identified using Mic Mac software, and finally, the scenario planning method was used using Scenario Wizard software to compile and analyze probable and desirable scenarios.

The Delphi technique was used to identify the primary factors affecting the future trend of informal settlements in Khoy city. For this purpose, descriptive questionnaires were designed and provided to the relevant experts, then the received questionnaires were examined, and as a result, 72 factors were identified in 6 areas (economic, social and cultural, environmental, physical and physical, management and policies of city managers, macro-provincial and national policies) were identified. In the next round of the Delphi technique, the variables affecting the future status of the informal settlements in Khoy City were entered into the matrix of mutual effects to determine the intensity of their influence on each other and the future status of the expansion of informal settlements in Khoy City. The influence of factors on each other was measured from zero to three. The number zero represents the lack of influence of the factors on each other, the number one represents the weak influence of the variables on each other, the number two represents the medium influence of the factors on each other, and the number three represents the high influence of the factors on each other. After determining the amount and intensity of the influence of the variables, the matrix of structural effects was entered into the MikMak software to express the key variables. The dimensions of this matrix are 72 x 72 and its degree of filling is 60%, which means that the variables have influenced each other more than 60%. Out of the total of 5184 possible and probable relationships in this matrix, 2060 are zero ratios, 1936 are one ratio, 870 are two ratios, and 310 are three ratios.

This article aims to investigate the future status of informal settlements in the middle city of Andam Khoi with a foresight approach. The ever-increasing expansion of marginalization and informal settlements around the city of Khoy the contagion of the problems of these areas into the city of Khoy and the need to provide factors influencing the growth and expansion of these areas have led to this research. In this research, managers’ Delphi was used to identify the primary factors affecting the future growth and expansion of informal settlements in Shahr Khoi. In the first round, descriptive questionnaires were designed with open questions, in these questionnaires, experts were asked to identify the effective and involved factors in the studied system, after reviewing the questionnaires received from the experts, there were 72 factors in 6 areas (economic, social and cultural, environmental, bodily and physical, managerial and policies of city managers, provincial and national policies) were extracted. In the continuation of the Delphi questionnaire, the influential factors were entered into the cross-effects matrix to determine the extent of their influence on each other and the future state of expansion of informal settlements in Shahr Khoi. If the number of identified factors is N, an N×N influence matrix is formed. The degree of this influence is measured from zero to three. Out of a total of 72 primary factors affecting the future of the system, 26 factors were selected as key factors. Next, for scenario writing, 78 future situations were designed for these key factors. These possible situations are very important for the future course of the system in terms of policy. It can be acknowledged that the necessity of developing scenarios is to analyze the system’s conditions. Possible trends for each factor are different from other variables and the only common property between them is a range of favorable, intermediate, and unfavorable trends. Out of a total of 678 conditions governing the future development of informal settlements in Khoy City, 275 are favorable, 267 are static, and 136 are unfavorable for the future of the system. In this article, the selected scenarios were divided into two general categories:The selected scenarios are classified into two groups according to their desirability: perfectly favorable scenarios (first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth scenarios), and scenarios with an intermediate and unfavorable situation (scenarios 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th, twenty sixth).

Introduction :

Today, participation in social, political, cultural, and even psychological forms has attracted the attention of policymakers, because participation can improve the quality of society’s development, and even more so the quality of life of citizens and the excellence of human growth and development. Participation of citizens in urban renewal projects can be effective in providing economic resources, reducing service costs, increasing social cohesion, reducing damages and tensions caused by urban life, and satisfying citizens. Therefore, the participation of citizens in the renovation of worn-out urban tissues can lead to the improvement of the quality of worn-out tissues and bring satisfaction to the citizens. One of the cities of Iran that suffers from the problems caused by dilapidated structures is Tabriz city, which has accepted dilapidated neighborhoods in its structure over time. After the Tehran metropolis, Tabriz ranks second in terms of the area of worn-out tissue in the country, and 44% of the total area of worn-out tissue in East Azarbaijan province is located in Tabriz city. The worn-out structures occupy one-fifth of the total area of Tabriz city, about 2530 hectares. According to the latest estimates, about 500 thousand citizens live in these contexts. The population of several hundreds of thousands of people living in these areas suffers from the insecurity of their settlements on the one hand, and on the other hand, due to financial poverty and the nature of the environment around their place of residence, it is not possible to renovate it without the support and help of others. do not have Today, this city has about 28 dilapidated neighborhoods. Renovation of these tissues is not possible without taking into account the socio-economic characteristics of the residents of these neighborhoods and their participation. Finally, the question of the current research is raised as follows: What are the factors that affect the participation of citizens in the renovation of worn-out structures in Tabriz city? 

This research is applied and developmental in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The considered statistical population includes 767 license plates with their owners who have renovated them within the worn-out structures of Tabriz city. The size of the selected sample was based on Morgan’s table, which was equal to 167 license plates with 167 owners who were randomly selected. Table (2) was prepared through the statistics provided by the renovation organization and the authors’ field observations. The variables of this research are considered in connection with people’s participation in the renovation of the worn-out fabric of the studied area using a five-point Likert scale. SPSS software was used for data analysis. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially, and according to the type of data, descriptive tests of central dispersion indices (mean, mode, and median) and dispersion indices (range of changes, variance, and standard deviation) were used. has been About the inferential analysis, the multivariate linear regression method was used. For the validity of the questions, face validity was used Cronbach’s alpha was used for reliability, and the reliability of the data was 0.86. Considering that the reliability of the data was higher than 0.7. Therefore, the data has high reliability. 

The findings of the research show that standard and non-standard coefficients have been presented for independent variables (residence history, cooperative spirit, degree of belonging, willingness to participate in improvement and renovation, and willingness to settle) and dependent variables (citizens’ participation in the renovation of dilapidated structures). According to the significance test of the coefficients, it is concluded that the variable of belongingness of the residents of the neighborhoods with the standard coefficient has a significant effect on the citizen’s participation in the renovation of the worn-out fabric (Vijoyeh, Bahar, Karamelk, Baranj, Shams-Tabrizi, and Manjem neighborhoods) of Tabriz city. And the degree of solidarity and cooperative spirit with a standard coefficient of 0.394 and willingness to participate in improvement and renovation with a standard coefficient of 0.125 has no significant effect on the dependent variable of citizens’ participation in the renovation of the dilapidated fabric of the studied neighborhoods in Tabriz city. Also, according to Table (12), except for the variables of solidarity and cooperative spirit with a coefficient of determination of 0.133, i.e. 13% of the variance, and the desire to participate in the improvement with a coefficient of determination of 0.141, i.e. 14% of the variance of the dependent variable of citizens’ participation in fabric renewal. They did not foresee the deterioration in the neighborhoods of Tabriz and it had no effect. However, the rest of the variables (residence history, citizens’ belongingness, desire to live) have influenced and predicted the dependent variable of citizens’ participation in the renovation of worn-out fabric. Among all predictor variables, the variable of belongingness with a coefficient of determination of 0.836, explains 83.6% of the variance of citizens’ participation in the renovation of the worn-out fabric of Tabriz city in the studied neighborhoods. Finally, the coefficient of determination (R2) is equal to 0.751, which shows that 75.1% of the variance variable of citizens’ participation in the renovation of the dilapidated fabric of Tabriz city has five independent variables (residence record, cooperative spirit, degree of belonging, willingness to participate in the matter of improvement and renovation and willingness to settle) explains that it is a significant amount. 

The investigations carried out in the research show that among the most important effective factors in people’s participation are the increase in people’s sense of belonging about the improvement of worn-out structures, the residence history of the residents of the studied neighborhoods, the desire to live and the residents’ long-term stay, the desire He pointed to the participation in the improvement and renovation and the solidarity and the sense of participation of the residents from the methods of participation in the field of improvement of the worn-out fabric. Absence or lack of cultural-social public formations in the target neighborhood, lack of special funds for the development of dilapidated structures, lack of access to the central structure of the neighborhood from all parts of the city, lack of timely and accurate information from the government about the methods of improvement and reconstruction of dilapidated structures. , the failure to hold discussion meetings between the officials and the people regarding the improvement of structures, the lack of financial ability of the residents to repay the facilities, the lack of awareness of the residents about the special facilities for the improvement of dilapidated structures, the high cost of building materials and construction are some of the most important factors that prevent the realization The participation of the people takes place, and a part of them goes back to the managers and the other part goes back to the social and economic conditions of the people. Also, based on the results obtained, the citizens’ participation in improving and renovating the dilapidated fabric of the studied neighborhoods of Tabriz city is evaluated to be smaller than the average, so the citizens’ participation in the improvement and renovating the dilapidated fabric of the studied neighborhoods is not at an appropriate level.

Introduction :

The concept of social resilience in urban areas is a complex and multifaceted one, as highlighted by a range of studies. Boeri (2017) emphasizes the importance of reinforcing local identity and culture to enhance community resilience, while Eakin (2017) underscores the need to consider the influence of social and political forces in urban vulnerability dynamics. Lukas (2018) further explores the role of urban planning in promoting social cohesion and community resilience, particularly in multi-ethnic neighborhoods. Lastly, Östh (2018) provides an operational framework for understanding the mechanisms that drive spatial systems, with a focus on the role of social capital and transport accessibility in shaping the resilience of urban areas. These studies collectively underscore the need for a holistic approach to building social resilience in urban areas, one that considers the interplay of cultural, political, and economic factors. Nowadays, the vulnerability of urban tissues to natural and human hazards has become one of the main concerns of urban planners and managers. Empowering the community living in ineffective contexts improves their resilience against natural and human hazards. This capability can be in different aspects including economic, social, and physical. The purpose of the research is to analyze social resilience and the effect of regeneration in promoting resilience. Environmental hazards in cities affect social life. Environmental risks are very effective in certain urban areas, including worn-out fabric, and with rural cores in cities. The socio-economic conditions and inefficient structures of some neighborhoods of Sanandaj city have made them more vulnerable to human and natural hazards.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of nature. The collection of data and information was done by documentary and field methods (researcher-made questionnaire). Determining the sample size using Cochran’s formula in the citizen questionnaire (384 households) was done in a multi-stage cluster at the block level. A multi-stage cluster is such that the clusters were randomly selected at the level of regions, neighborhoods, and blocks. Statistical analysis, one-sample t-test, and linear regression were used to analyze the data. The reliability results with Cronbach’s alpha formula for all constructs were above 0.73. Therefore, it can be concluded that the measurement tool has good internal consistency.

The situation of social resilience in Sanandaj city is different. So in the four historical contexts, worn-out middle, marginal, and rural cores, the indicators of social resilience in general have unfavorable conditions. The average of all indicators except the social capital index is low in all cases. Among the four contexts studied in Sanandaj city, the average social resilience indices in the historical context are more favorable than other contexts, and on the other hand, in the marginal context, the average social resilience indices are at an unfavorable level. Among the indicators, social capital in historical contexts, worn-out middle, and rural cores are in a more favorable condition than other indicators, and in contrast to the social justice index with averages of 2.37 in historical context, 2.31 in middle worn-out context, 2.62 in the marginal tissue and, 2.42 in rural context is in unfavorable conditions. Also, the results of the surveys show that the most effective regeneration projects in promoting social resilience in historical (31/251) and worn-out (18/152) contexts were more effective than in marginal and rural contexts.

Social resilience is the ability of individuals and communities to adapt to social, economic, and environmental challenges and to improve them, which includes different types of resilience, such as physical, mental, emotional, and social. The operationalization of redevelopment measures to improve the resilience of low-income residents is strongly influenced by the dynamics of urban development and civil infrastructure in each neighborhood. Urban regeneration plans with a physical approach in urban contexts are not able to improve the social resilience of inefficient neighborhoods because the results of surveys show that inefficient neighborhoods in Sanandaj, in addition to physical instability and a lack of infrastructure services, have many social, psychological and economic issues and damages. is facing that the mountainous location of Sanandaj, the presence of surrounding faults, the steep slope of the city limits, the presence of a river in the city limits, along unprincipled constructions, have made the city of Sanandaj highly vulnerable. On the other hand, the immigrant population, low level of education, poverty, low level of income and employment also cause economic and social vulnerability in the range of inefficient tissues (worn out, marginal, rural, and historical core) in regions 1, 4 and 5 has increased the city of Sanandaj. Therefore, the mentioned cases have caused the level of participation, economic power, trust, and sense of identity in the society living in dysfunctional contexts to be low. Therefore, the state of regeneration dimensions of Sanandaj city is evaluated as weak. Among the four contexts studied in Sanandaj city, the average social resilience indicators in the historical context are more favorable than other contexts, and on the other hand, in the marginal context, the average social resilience indicators in The level are unfavorable. The world’s experiences in this regard have emphasized investing in education, civic participation, and strengthening the resilience infrastructure of communities and individuals in this field. Also, diversifying the economy and having a multi-dimensional economy instead of a single-dimensional economy in the cities of origin can be an effective measure to reduce risks. Along with this solution, education and awareness should also be effective in local communities and empower the residents. Therefore, in this context, it is necessary to strengthen the information system and to form people’s organizations and local institutions, so that in times of crisis, they can act together and cooperate to bring order in the cities. Also, increasing access to various services in the target communities of this program can be a suitable solution. In the national documents of empowering and organizing the settlements of Iran’s urban regeneration company, parallelism, and fragmentation in the field of policy making and management of the phenomenon of settlement management should be reduced and justified policies and rulings, including policies that support participation and empowerment.

Introduction :

The appearance of Iranian cities has similar characteristics. So in most of them, the development of the city and the increasing use of cars has led to the disintegration of its old shape, so that its body has been unevenly developed in a new way in different parts. The way of evaluating urban environments today is such that human identity is ignored in them [1]. The disarray of cities, which is increasing day by day, while affecting the shape and density of cities and transportation, has also affected the social interactions of citizens, which results in the reduction of people’s sense of belonging to these cities [2]. For the changes of a neighborhood-oriented cultural development to be accepted by the public, it requires the social satisfaction of the residents and the qualitative improvement of the economic conditions of the citizens living in the neighborhoods [3]. This approach and at the same time, eliminating the problems of urban management, will happen if the management attitude is changed, so that power is decentralized and people’s participation in the neighborhoods increases [18]. The result of these efforts is improving the sense of self-belief among citizens and usefulness in their neighborhood; Therefore, social solidarity will result from creating neighborhood identity, promoting social responsibility, and eliminating neighborhood disorder. Participation in today’s conditions in areas such as reducing the workload of national levels compared to local programs, increasing informed citizens, increasing quality by doing things, providing human and financial resources for municipalities, reducing costs, increasing productivity, and contributing citizens to accept responsibility. It is important and necessary. The high importance of the present research is also based on this. In this regard, the current research seeks to provide a suitable model, which is carried out through a meta-composite qualitative approach, in addition to examining internal and external research in the field of social capital models in neighborhood-oriented cultural development.

This research is exploratory mixed research and a qualitative-quantitative combined method was used in its conduct. In the first step (qualitative step), the necessary data were collected by examining previous research in the field related to the subject of the study, as well as conducting in-depth interviews, then according to the grounded theory method, coding, categorization, and finally a conceptual model were presented. In grounded theory, as an exploratory-inductive research method, the steps of analyzing the collected qualitative data are performed in three steps: open coding, central coding, and selective coding: 1) Open coding is a process by which the features and dimensions of the specified concepts from the text are extracted and analyzed. In open coding, specific concepts are expanded according to their dimensions and characteristics, and then by subdividing the information obtained from the primary raw data, preliminary categories are formed about the phenomenon under investigation and to the question It deals with data, comparing cases, events and states of phenomena to discover similarities and differences. 2) In the axial coding, one of the categories that are under investigation and discovery (main dimension) and then other categories (components) are related to it (this method was used in the present research). 3) The process of determining the central category coherently and creating a connection between the central category and other categories is called selective coding. From the experts’ answers to 7 questions about the content, the relationship of the model with the purpose, and quality, Hoteling’s t-test was taken to evaluate the validity of the model. Kappa coefficient has been used to evaluate the reliability of the model. In the second step (quantitative step), data were collected through the distribution of researcher-made questionnaires and analyzed through structural equation modeling. It should be noted that the mentioned questionnaire is derived from the results of the proposed models placed at the center of the process. The statistical population of this research includes two communities, in the qualitative part of the research, urban management and urban sociology experts and experts in the academic community and urban management organizations of Tehran were selected as potential participants. Characteristics include having a university education related to urban issues, holding a managerial job related to the issue, having experience in doing collaborative activities in the field of urban issues, having enough opportunity and interest to conduct an interview, and the concern of the people are the criteria for selecting the interviewees. Due to the nature of qualitative content in this research and specific knowledge and data that were available to some key informants on the subject under study, we have used the purposeful selection sampling method. In the quantitative part, the statistical population includes the citizens of Tehran city, which was sampled in a random and non-targeted way. According to the population estimates of the Iran Statistics Center from the general population and housing census in 2015, the population of Tehran is 7992627 people, therefore the sample size obtained from Cochran’s formula is determined to be 384 people.

The results of the interviews conducted with the grounded theory method showed that the cultural policy model for the use of social capital in the neighborhood-oriented cultural development of Tehran includes 75 open codes, 24 core codes, and 6 selective codes, and in the quantitative part, it showed the results of structural equation modeling. that the value of the significance coefficient t related to the relationship between the main variables of the causal conditions and the central phenomenon; background conditions, intervention conditions, and central phenomenon with strategies; Strategies with consequences at the confidence level of 95% are greater than 1.96, and this indicates the significance of the effect of the variables of causal conditions with the central phenomenon; background conditions, intervention conditions, central phenomenon with strategies; Strategies have consequences. Therefore, all 6 variables are identified as main variables.

According to the findings of the research, it seems that residents’ satisfaction with environmental services and facilities has a direct relationship with a sense of social trust and citizenship responsibility. In the same way, there is a direct relationship between satisfaction with the set of services provided by the city administration and strengthening the sense of belonging to the place of residence and the use of social capital in the neighborhood. The result of this positive interaction is increased commitment to citizenship duties and acceptance of urban culture. At the same time, the satisfaction and sense of responsibility of the residents of the neighborhood are directly related to voluntary participation and easy acceptance of changes, and this will lead to the cultural development of the neighborhood. The social satisfaction of citizens alongside and in interaction with the change of urban management approach can strengthen the mutual relationship of social capital and collective solidarity. The neighborhood-oriented approach, with a change in the development approach from above, facilitating the ways of people’s participation at the neighborhood level and developing a culture of participation by the city management and citizens, will be a solution to the problems in the city and city management.

Introduction :

On a global scale, since the financial crisis in 2008, housing capitalization and speculation have expanded in geography, generalized in political economy, and embedded in the regulatory system [1]. But the existence of vacant houses in different countries of the world and our country is not a problem in nature. What is challenging in this context is the average rate of vacant houses in the country and its comparison with the world average and the natural rate of vacant houses. Despite the significant difference, the hypothesis of a capitalistic view of housing and speculation of housing in the country is proposed (authors, 1402). Vacant houses as a sign of population decline, have negative effects on a neighborhood in terms of economy, security, and urban management [2]. Vacant houses do not occur in useful clusters. Instead of urban cancer that will disappear by abandoning the decaying neighborhood, they are a kind of urban measles [3]. Untended vacant homes can cause a variety of problems in a neighborhood, including damaging the landscape and increasing the risks of building collapse, and fires. They can also lead to poor sanitation due to illegal dumping and parasitic animals, or become breeding grounds for crime. Especially in residential areas with high density, these complications can be very serious [5]. According to the report of the Statistics Center in 2016, there were 2.6 million vacant houses in the country and they were abandoned without any use [6]. On one hand, lack of reliably in the capital market, housing as a safe commodity, belief in the lack of housing price reduction among investors, increased sanctions and industry stagnation, and lack of investment in it; on the other hand, the arrival of part of the facilities granted in the form of quick-return projects has provided the housing sector with the boom of speculation and the transformation of housing into a capital good, which is one of the main factors of the increase in housing prices in Iran [7]. The intellectual, cultural, and economic contexts of the housing issue in the world are different from the view of this issue in Iran, which has made it necessary to analyze the vacant housing issues in the country; by looking at the world literature.

The method of this research is a systematic review of theoretical literature in the field of research. The difference between a descriptive review (common in current research) and a systematic review is that a systematic review examines all the results (after applying a certain filter) from the database specified in the research, and therefore no important source in the subject. Research is not abandoned. For this purpose, the Google Scholar database was determined as a research database in both Persian and English languages. Then, by examining various texts in the field of vacant houses, the keywords were selected as follows, and after searching the Google Scholar database, using each of the keywords below, the following results were obtained in the field of Persian sources, which were due to limitation, all investigated. In the English language, in the first stage, due to the multiplicity of results and ambiguity in their relevance to the subject, sources with at least 40 references (i.e. major and main sources) were selected. This made it possible to get acquainted with the specialized literature on the subject, keywords, and main concepts in the existing research. In the next steps, the criteria for entering sources into the analysis process was simplified and the number of results expanded. In general, before this, no article in the country has systematically examined the subject of vacant houses, and therefore this article is the first of its kind.

The information of the sources can be summarized and presented in several ways: Place and approach: Latin sources have been used in China, America, Mexico, Australia, Korea, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Japan, Canada, Malaysia, France, and Germany, respectively. Therefore, different countries of the world are facing and involved in the issue of vacant houses at different levels. Countries that have had more extensive housing provision programs have faced a higher level of housing speculation. Among these countries, only in Germany, the research shows that there is no evidence of housing speculation (due to the low ratio of housing prices to average income), and monitoring is recommended to prevent this in the future. Content: The content of Persian sources is either trying to legitimize taxing and criminalizing vacant houses, or they are looking for a quantitative analysis of the number of vacant houses and comparing it with the world-class and arguing that it is illogical and unfair. Latin sources are focused on causes and consequences consider solutions based on specific local contexts, and often avoid presenting a single version. The main causes: Persian sources consider the main factors in the phenomenon of housing speculation to be in three areas: changes in liquidity in the country, real exchange rate, and changes in interest on housing facility deposits. The government is obliged to control these factors when changes occur to prevent secondary effects on the housing market. The main causes from the point of view of Latino sources have been problems in the payment of housing loans, government policies and projects, weak legislation and legal loopholes, as well as inflationary expectations based on the past increase in housing prices. The main consequences: the consequences have not been examined in Persian sources, and the consequences in Latin sources often include the increase in housing prices, the rapid acceleration of housing prices in the future, the decrease in the value of housing mortgages in banks, the bankruptcy of local banks, and economic stagnation. The main solutions: the solution of different countries of the world in the issue of vacant houses is generally based on the growth and development of providing city services and in return for that, the tax on capital gains and, accordingly, the tax on vacant houses, in which case the public opinion will convince to pay tax and will have more cooperation with the government. Another major solution is the comprehensive real estate and housing system with executive guarantees, which municipalities are more qualified to implement. The main solutions of Latin resources include management by land banks, planning of housing and employment in the vicinity of each other, planned supply of land, monitoring of inflationary expectations of different groups of society and finally levying tax on capital gains and ultimately effective vacant house tax under special conditions. However, in our country, the partial solution of collecting taxes from vacant houses has received more attention. Another major result is the differences between Persian and Latin sources: Persian sources often consider the government as the main effective catalyst in this matter, without deep involvement with the main causes and behind the scenes of the housing being empty, and have immediately moved towards partial solutions or financial and punitive solutions. In Persian sources, the consequences of empty housing have not been investigated, but Latin sources have often tried to open ways for local movement in each specific field towards a context-oriented solution in an analytical way and by rooting in the field of causes or consequences. In some cases, it has been observed that Persian sources have used specialized terms and expressions of the subject such as market friction (failure of alignment of supply to demand), periods of boom and bust, and tax on capital gains, without paying attention to their main content, and thus the subject literature has been superficially transferred to the country.

In the context of houses remaining empty, Latin sources mainly find the main cause in their location, the extrapolability of housing price changes compared to the past and inflationary expectations resulting from it [14, 16, 48, 63] as well as the defective and non-dynamic system of allocating housing loans in a way that encourages housing speculation [13, 18, 50, 70-71]. But in Iran, the lack of a reliable market for investment and maintaining the value of money and the safety of housing as a capital good [7] along with the lack of sufficient government supervision over property ownership [6] is the main reason for the existence of housing speculation. By examining the sources, it seems that more radical solutions than levying taxes on vacant houses should be considered to solve this problem:1. The jurisprudential and Islamic obscenity of housing speculation should be emphasized to the public with the help of the clergy community and with the cooperation of the mass media and the Ministry of Road and Urban Development. 2. Stray capitals should be efficiently managed by the government so that they do not end up in housing speculation. 3. Completion of information in the country’s comprehensive real estate and housing system by individuals should have an executive guarantee and significant and effective encouragement and punishment. 4. Joint commissions should be formed between the relevant institutions in this matter (including the Fiscal Affairs Organization, the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, the Municipality, the Attorney General’s Office, and the Islamic Propaganda Organization), to prevent parallel work or neglect of the Executive body.5. There is a research gap in the field of finding the causes and consequences of vacant houses in different cities of the country. It is necessary to localize the relevant theoretical literature and then practical solutions.6. Solutions such as establishing land banks, forming a comprehensive and up-to-date database of vacant houses, planning of housing and employment integrally and respecting their mixing, taxing capital gains, and transparency of government policies to prevent housing vacancy are among evolutions that their possibility can be evaluated in the local context of Iranian cities.